Drug device configured for wireless communication

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to an ingestible drug delivery device configured for wireless communication with other ingestible drug delivery devices.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This U.S. national phase application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.§371 of PCT Application No. PCT/US2015/029042 filed on May 4, 2015 whichin turn claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to: U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 61/997,506 filed Jun. 3, 2014; U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/122,205, filed Oct. 14, 2014, U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/122,431, filed Oct. 21, 2014, U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/124,208, filed Dec. 11, 2014, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of Invention

This invention relates to an ingestible drug delivery device configuredfor wireless communication with other ingestible drug delivery devicesand the storage of provenance data of the drug delivery device therein.

According to the CDC, a poisoning occurs when a person's exposure to anatural or manmade substance has an undesirable effect. A drug poisoningoccurs when that substance is an illegal, prescription, orover-the-counter drug. Most fatal poisonings in the United States resultfrom drug poisoning.

Poisoning can be classified as:

-   -   self-harm or suicide when the person wants to harm himself;    -   assault or homicide when the person wants to harm another; and    -   Unintentional, also known as “accidental,” when no harm is        intended.

Unintentional drug poisoning includes drug overdoses resulting from drugmisuse, drug abuse, and taking too much of a drug for medical reasons.

Drug overdose death rates in the United States have never been higher.Drug overdose death rates have risen steadily in the United States since1970.

-   -   In 2007, 27,658 unintentional drug overdose deaths occurred in        the United States.    -   Drug overdose deaths were second only to motor vehicle crash        deaths among leading causes of unintentional injury death in        2007 in the United States.

The increase in drug overdose death rates is largely because ofprescription opioid painkillers

-   -   Among deaths attributed to drugs, the most common drug        categories are cocaine, heroin, and a type of prescription drug        called opioid painkillers.    -   “Opioids” are synthetic versions of opium. They have the ability        to reduce pain but can also suppress breathing to a fatal degree        when taken in excess. Examples of opioids are oxycodone        (OxyContin®), hydrocodone (Vicodin®), and methadone.    -   There has been at least a 10-fold increase in the medical use of        opioid painkillers during the last 20 years because of a        movement toward more aggressive management of pain.    -   Because opioids cause euphoria, they have been associated        increasingly with misuse and abuse. Opioids are now widely        available in illicit markets in the United States.

There is a need to perfect a “Smart Pill” to prevent deaths by overdose.The answer to this need rests in the present invention which providesfor a unique and proprietary capsule with the capability to “know” whenthere is a prescribed dosage of a certain constituent in the body andprevent any additional dosage to be released into the body.

Sustained and extended release capsules have been available in thepharmaceutical industries for years but they do not prevent the releaseof a certain constituent into the body, instead they just prolong thetime in which it would be released. This does not solve the problem ofoverdosing.

The present invention addresses the problem of over-dosing, amongstother problems by providing the Smart Pill System. The smart pill systemcomprises several technologies (e.g., silicon, sensors, peer wirelesscommunication), different devices (e.g., pill itself, enablingterminals), and an encrypted network for communication and data storage.The system is able to ensure reasonable anti-counterfeit and origintraceback, with a multilayered security system, and good overdoseprotection. On the top of the present system one can build a full systemof diagnoses, follow-up, automatic dosage, and health management.

The smart pill itself is a self-contained electronic device with, e.g.,a micro controller, memory, wireless communication capabilities, onboardsensors, and a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) drug deliverysystem. The devices can communicate with the pill are called programmingterminals which are may be linked to a central database using aprotected encrypted network. The central database stores, e.g., all therelevant pill information, tracks and enables its uses at all levelsfrom manufacturer to patient, makes possible expiring date tracking andprevents unauthorized use of the pills. The smart pill comprises e.g., aprinted flex circuit contain the micro controller with Flash memory,sensors, One Time Programmable memory, wireless communication andantenna, wrapped around drug compartment, e.g., MEMS pump, and battery.

The smart pill has a built in sensor that knows when one or moreadditional smart pills are in the body and if they are detected, the“API” Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (which also include drug productthat includes API and buffers, etc.) will not be released. ThruMicro-encapsulation the present invention uses a programmable sensor.The sensor is programmed via RF or other means to tell the sensor ineach capsule the prescribed dosage. i.e.: 200 mg in a 4 hour period.Each capsule knows when another capsule is in the body via the sensorscontained therein. The Drug Company or the Pharmacist would preset thepill to know what its prescribed dosage is. The patient would take hisprescribed dosage of one or more pills. The sensors detect one anotherand also detect that they are the only two pills in the body and thusrelease the API into the system. The release of API can be through avariety of means; osmotic plug piston, polymer cracking or triggerinitiated solubilization on the capsule itself or other capsule voids,release from ion-bound linkage from polymer side chains to release theAPI. Another embodiment of the present invention, one which could bepharmacist controlled is by controlling the release of the activeingredient: release/pump it in the dissolving part of the pill,neutralize/block the active part. The smart Capsule can also be obtainedby: sealing the passage to the dissolving part, neutralizing the activepart by “cement” it in an inert material and chemically or physically(temperature/light etc) neutralize the active ingredient. Anotherembodiment of the present invention in a pump form which could becontrolled for different scenarios (e.g., emergencies, environmentalchanges, etc.) could also be described like two electrodes in water. Thewater compartment has a flexible wall. If you start making the waterelectrolyze you will obtain gases, which will increase the volume andpress outward the flexible wall (or a piston). Thus no motor is requiredin this embodiment; where an electrolytic activation is utilized, theprocess is reversible, i.e., by reversing the current oxygen andhydrogen recombine to form water, thus decreasing volume.

If the patient takes an additional quantity of pills (one or more thanprescribed dosage) the new pills entering the system will detect thepresence of the previous pills that have already released their API loadand may also detect the quantity of metabolites. The detection can bemade via RF signal, pH, acidity level, detection of drug or metabolitespresence, etc. If the detection of released capsules is made by thenewly entering capsules, those capsules will not release their API intothe system and instead travel through the body as whole units and bereleased through the anus in the feces. No further API would be releasedinto the system unless the sensor detects that it is the prescribed timeof entry, timed drug half-life, sensor detected drug depletion (initialdrug and/or metabolites). Batteries if needed can be encapsulated so asto not be a material threat to the patient.

The Smart Pills can also detect other API's, drugs of abuse; alcohol;pregnancy and can prevent release of teratogenic APIs when the patientis determined to be pregnant. The Smart Pills can also use a variety ofsensors including but not limited to electronic, biological, chemical,harmonic, and digital sensors.

Smart Pills can be preprogrammed by the manufacturer and/or thepharmacist to prevent drug interactions. i.e.: a drug is taken by thepatient and either intentionally or in error another drug which shouldnot be combined with the first drug is taken. The second drug detectsthe first drug and the API is not released into the system. Smart Pillscould also be preprogrammed by the pharmacist to know the patient. Thecapsules recognize certain features about the patient's physiology andwould only release the API into the system of the prescribed user, thuspreventing unauthorized usage by others who are not prescribed the drug.

Smart Pills can also be made in pill, tablet, and a variety of otherpackaging for home or clinical usage, whether through administration byintravenous, oral, rectal, etc. All embodiments are for use with humansas well as animals and have application in agricultural use too.

This invention further relates to an attachable device for retailpackaging configured for wireless communication with other retailpackages with the devices. In exemplary embodiments, the smart pillsystem incorporates this technology.

Retail packages are conveniently placed upon retail shelves but theyneed human interaction to take inventory of the shelves and to stock theshelves. If the human is not diligent the shelf can remain empty and theconsumer would not be able to purchase the desired product.

Many high tech endeavors have been applied to this problem including butnot limited to wireless devices on the shelves themselves, wirelessdevices to scan bar codes on the packages and human tallying of theitems themselves usually with bar code readers.

All of the above works but tend to be very costly and only the high endretailer can afford to structure the retail environment with thetechnology. The present invention levels the playing field and makes thetechnology available to every retail establishment that has access to a“Smart Phone”, a tablet or a computer through the use of an InventoryApplication (“APP”) that maintains the data being sent by the wirelessdevices. The Present Invention consists of a digital tag that isattached or made a part of each package, label, etc. It can incorporateor be made a part of the UPC Bar Code and retains that information aspart of its digital signature. The human who maintains the inventorysimply walks by the shelves and receives a signal that the package onthe shelf transmits. The tags also speak to one another when they arriveon the shelf to determine quantity on the shelf. This information isalso wirelessly sent to the APP.

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device configured forwireless communication with other ingestible drug delivery devices, saiddrug delivery device comprising: a capsule body comprising: a sensor forsensing at least one biologic condition within a patient and providing afirst signal representative thereof; a bioactive substance modulecomprising a container for holding a volume and/or quantity of bioactivesubstance therein and a microactuator for dispensing said bioactivesubstance from said container to a location outside of said capsulebody; an electronics module, coupled to said sensor and said bioactivesubstance module, said electronics module comprising a processor, atransponder and a memory (e.g., flash, OTP, etc.), said memorycomprising data selected from the group consisting of: (a) data relatedto the patient who is permitted to ingest said ingestible drug medicaldevice; (b) data related to said bioactive substance; (c) data relatedto a healthcare provider that enabled said electronics module; (d) datarelated to said sensor; (e) data related to the provenance of saidingested drug medical device; (f) combinations thereof, a power sourcecoupled to said sensor, said bioactive substance module and saidelectronics module; and wherein said processor controls said transponderto transmit at least one wireless signal and to receive at least onewireless signal from at least one other ingestible medical device, andwherein said processor receives said first signal and analyzes saidfirst signal with all of said data along with said received at least onewireless signal for controlling said microactuator for dispensing saidbioactive substance.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saiddata related to the patient who is permitted to ingest said ingestibledrug delivery device comprises the identification of the patient.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saiddata related to the patient who is permitted to ingest said ingestibledrug delivery device comprises the medical conditions of the patient.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein thehealthcare provider is selected from the group consisting of a doctor,physician's assistant, nurse, pharmacist, physical therapist, anddentist.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saiddata related to said healthcare provider that enabled said processor ofsaid ingested drug delivery device comprises a digital signature of saidhealthcare provider.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device furthercomprising an interlock, said interlock preventing the dispensing ofsaid bioactive substance if said processor determines that whoeveringested said ingestible drug delivery device is not the patient that ispermitted to ingest said ingestible drug delivery device.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saidvolume of bioactive substance comprises an active pharmaceuticalingredient (API) and wherein said ingestible drug delivery devicecomprises a rupture detection mechanism that causes said API todeactivate if said ingestible drug delivery device is tampered with.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saidsensor is capable of detecting the concentration of bioactive substancein the patient, and can prevent release of additional bioactivesubstance when contraindicated.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saidsensor is capable of detecting pregnancy, and can prevent release ofbioactive substance when the patient is determined to be pregnant.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saidsensor is selected from the group consisting of electronic, biological,chemical, digital sensors, and combinations thereof.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saidsensor is selected from the group consisting of a pH sensor, atemperature sensor, a glucose sensor, a pregnancy sensor, a drug sensor,a phenylalanine sensor, and combinations thereof.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein saidsensor comprises a drug sensor for analytes selected from the groupconsisting of alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine (including crackcocaine), cannabis, amphetamines (including crystal methamphetamine),opiates and opiate analogues (including heroine, oxycodone, hydrocodone,hydromorphone, methadone), dextromethorphan, benzodiazepines, ecstasy(MDMA), GHB, barbiturates, khat, kratom, PCP, LSD, ketamine, peyote,mescaline, psilocybin, rohypnol, Salvia divinorum, antidepressants,anti-anxiety medications, sleep aids, allergy medications, andcombinations thereof, and can prevent release of bioactive substancewhen contraindicated.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein thebioactive substance has abuse resistant technology.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein theingestible drug delivery device is configured to track the drug deliverydevice from manufacturer to the patient, to enable a health careprovider to determine the origin of the drug delivery device, to confirmthat at least one of the right type and the right dosage of themedication was delivered to the patient, and/or to enable the ingestibledrug delivery device to release at least one bioactive substance to thepatient, the ingestible drug delivery device comprising: an electronicsmodule capable of receiving data, wherein the electronics module isoperative to perform at least one function selected from the groupconsisting of: receiving a unique identity for the ingestible drugdelivery device, wherein the ingestible drug delivery device comprisesthe unique identity that is associated with at least one of themanufacturer and the medication; receiving information from a patientinterface device in communication with the ingestible drug deliverydevice and the patient, wherein at the time the patient takes theingestible drug delivery device, the patient interface device isoperative to detect the unique identity associated with the ingestibledrug delivery device and confirm delivery of the medication to thepatient, that optionally enables the release of at least one bioactivesubstance to a patient; receiving information related to the patient whois permitted to ingest said ingestible drug delivery device comprisesthe identification of the patient, that optionally enables the releaseof at least one bioactive substance to a patient; receiving informationfrom data related to a healthcare provider that enables the release ofat least one bioactive substance to the patient; and/or receiving thedetected unique identity associated with the ingestible drug deliverydevice detected via a patient interface device and the confirmation ofdelivery of the medication to the patient via the ingestible drugdelivery device, that optionally enables the release of at least onebioactive substance to a patient; and combinations thereof, wherein theprocessor is operative to confirm the origin of the medication and thetype of the medication based at least on the unique identity of theingestible drug delivery device, to track the drug delivery device frommanufacturer to the patient, to enable a health care provider todetermine the origin of the drug delivery device, to confirm that atleast one of the right type and the right dosage of the medication wasdelivered to the patient, and/or to enable the ingestible drug deliverydevice to release at least one bioactive substance to the patient, andoptionally, wherein the ingestible drug delivery device furthercomprises an interlock, said interlock preventing the dispensing of saidbioactive substance if said processor determines that whomever ingestedsaid ingestible drug delivery device is not the patient that ispermitted to ingest said ingestible drug delivery device.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein theprocessor is operative to communicate with a datacenter database to, atleast, retrieve medical information about the patient and provideinformation related to the medication to be administered to the patient.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein theprocessor is operative to validate at least one of the type and dosageselected by the health care provider prior to dispensing the medicationto the patient.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein theprocessor is operative to communicate with an interrogation unit,wherein the interrogation unit is operative to interrogate theingestible drug delivery device and receive the unique identity of theingestible drug delivery device to confirm the origin of the medicationand the type of the medication, wherein the computer is operative tointerrogate the ingestible drug delivery device and receive the uniqueidentity of the identifier from the ingestible drug delivery device.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein theprocessor is operative to prevent release of the bio-active substance.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein theprocessor is operative to receive biometric parameters from the patientinterface device, wherein the biometric parameters can identify thepatient.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein theingestible drug delivery device further comprises a deactivation modulecomprising a container for holding a volume and/or quantity of adeactivator and a microactuator for dispensing said deactivator to saidbioactive substance module, wherein the deactivator module is coupled tosaid bioactive substance module, and wherein the electronics module iscoupled to said deactivator module, said electronics module comprising aprocessor, a transponder and a memory.

The invention provides an ingestible drug delivery device wherein theingestible drug delivery device further comprises a deactivation modulecomprising a container for holding a volume and/or quantity of adeactivator and a microactuator for dispensing said deactivator to saidpatient, wherein the deactivation substance is selected from the groupconsisting of an antagonist to the bioactive substance, and apharmaceutical.

The invention provides a method for preventing accidental or intentionaloverdosing of at least one bioactive substance, said method comprising:(a) forming an ingestible drug delivery device having a sensor forsensing at least one biologic condition within a patient and providing afirst signal representative thereof; a bioactive substance modulecomprising a container for holding a volume and/or quantity of bioactivesubstance therein and a microactuator for dispensing said bioactivesubstance from said container to a location outside of said capsulebody; an electronics module, coupled to said sensor and said bioactivesubstance module, said electronics module comprising a processor, atransponder and a memory, said memory comprising capsule data thatcomprises data selected from the group consisting of: data related tothe patient who ingested said ingestible drug medical device; datarelated to said bioactive substance; data related to a healthcareprovider that enabled said processor; data related to said sensor; datarelated to the provenance of said ingested drug medical device; andcombinations thereof a power source coupled to said sensor, saidbioactive substance module and said electronics module; (b) uponingesting said ingestible drug delivery device, listening, by saidprocessor, for at least one wireless signal from any other ingested drugdelivery device and if no said at least one wireless signal is receivedwithin a predetermined period, said processor declaring itself a masterdrug delivery device and moving to step (c), and if said at least onewireless signal is received within said predetermined period, saidprocessor wirelessly transmits an identification signal and halts anydispense process and continues to listen for another wireless signal;and (c) analyzing said first signal with said capsule data forcontrolling said microactuator for dispensing said bioactive substance.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step of saidmaster drug delivery device transmitting a wireless signal, followingtransmission of said at least one wireless signal, at a predeterminedinterval and then listening for any response signal from any otheringested drug delivery device.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step of saidprocessor of said master drug delivery device determining whether thelarge intestine has been entered or whether eight hours has elapsedsince ingestion.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step of saidprocessor of said master drug delivery device storing the identificationand receipt time of any identification signal received by saidprocessor.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step of saidprocessor of said master drug delivery device organizing theidentifications of a plurality of ingested drug delivery devices basedupon said respective receipt times of respective identification signalsto form drug delivery device data.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step of saidprocessor of said master drug delivery device communicating with theingested drug delivery device whose receipt time was closest to theingestion of said master drug delivery device.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step of saidprocessor of said master drug delivery device reaching either the largeintestine or whether said eight hours has elapsed, whichever occursfirst, and conferring to said ingested drug delivery device, whosereceipt time was closest to the ingestion of said master drug deliverydevice, a title of new master drug delivery device along with said drugdelivery device data, said original master drug delivery device shuttingdown permanently.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step of said newmaster drug delivery device analyzing said first signal with saidcapsule data for controlling said microactuator for dispensing saidbioactive substance.

The invention provides a method wherein said data related to the patientwho is permitted to ingest said ingestible drug delivery devicecomprises the identification of the patient.

The invention provides a method wherein said data related to the patientwho is permitted to ingest said ingestible drug delivery devicecomprises the medical conditions of the patient.

The invention provides a method wherein the healthcare provider isselected from the group consisting of a doctor, a physician's assistant,nurse, pharmacist, physical therapist, and dentist.

The invention provides a method wherein said data related to saidhealthcare provider that enabled said processor of said ingested drugdelivery device comprises a digital signature of said healthcareprovider.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step ofpreventing the dispensing of said bioactive substance if said processordetermines that whomever ingested said ingestible drug delivery deviceis not the patient that is permitted to ingest said ingestible drugdelivery device.

The invention provides a method wherein said volume of bioactivesubstance comprises an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) andfurther comprising step of deactivating said API if said ingestible drugdelivery device is tampered with.

The invention provides a method wherein said sensor is capable ofdetecting the concentration of bioactive substance in the patient, andcan prevent release of additional bioactive substance whencontraindicated.

The invention provides a method wherein said sensor is capable ofdetecting pregnancy, and prevents release of bioactive substance whenthe patient is determined to be pregnant.

The invention provides a method wherein said sensor is selected from thegroup consisting of electronic, biological, chemical, digital sensors,and combinations thereof.

The invention provides a method wherein said sensor is selected from thegroup consisting of a pH sensor, a temperature sensor, a glucose sensor,a pregnancy sensor, a drug sensor, a temperature sensor, a phenylalaninesensor, and combinations thereof.

The invention provides a method wherein said sensor comprises a drugsensor for analytes selected from the group consisting of alcohol,nicotine, caffeine, cocaine (including crack cocaine), cannabis,amphetamines (including crystal methamphetamine), opiates and opiateanalogues (including heroine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone,methadone), dextromethorphan, benzodiazepines, ecstasy (MDMA), GHB,barbiturates, khat, kratom, PCP, LSD, ketamine, peyote, mescaline,psilocybin, rohypnol, Salvia divinorum, antidepressants, anti-anxietymedications, sleep aids, allergy medications, and combinations thereof,and prevents release of additional bioactive substance whencontraindicated.

The invention provides a method further comprising the step ofpreventing the dispensing of said bioactive substance if said processordetermines that the patient that ingested a compound selected from thegroup consisting of alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine (includingcrack cocaine), cannabis, amphetamines (including crystalmethamphetamine), opiates and opiate analogues (including heroine,oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone), dextromethorphan,benzodiazepines, ecstasy (MDMA), GHB, barbiturates, khat, kratom, PCP,LSD, ketamine, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin, rohypnol, Salviadivinorum, antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, sleep aids,allergy medications, and combinations thereof wherein said sensor iscapable of detecting the concentration of bioactive substance in thepatient, and prevents release of additional bioactive substance whencontraindicated.

The invention provides a method wherein the ingestible drug deliverydevice further comprises a deactivation module comprising a containerfor holding a volume and/or quantity of a deactivator and amicroactuator for dispensing said deactivator to said bioactivesubstance module, wherein the deactivator module is coupled to saidbioactive substance module, and wherein the electronics module iscoupled to said deactivator module, said electronics module comprising aprocessor, a transponder and a memory.

The invention provides a method of tracking an ingestible drug deliverydevice from a manufacturer of the ingestible drug delivery device to apatient, track the drug delivery device from the manufacturer to apatient, to enable a health care provider to determine the origin of thedrug delivery device, to confirm that at least one of the right type andthe right dosage of the medication was delivered to the patient, and/orto enable the ingestible drug delivery device to release at least onebioactive substance to the patient, the ingestible drug delivery devicecomprising: an electronics module capable of receiving data, wherein theelectronics module is operative to perform at least one functionselected from the group consisting of: receiving a unique identity forthe ingestible drug delivery device, wherein the ingestible drugdelivery device comprises the unique identity that is associated with atleast one of the manufacturer and the medication; receiving informationfrom the patient interface device in communication with the ingestibledrug delivery device and the patient, wherein at the time the patienttakes the ingestible drug delivery device, the patient interface deviceis operative to detect the unique identity associated with theingestible drug delivery device and confirm delivery of the medicationto the patient, that optionally enables the release of at least onebioactive substance to a patient; receiving information related to thepatient who is permitted to ingest said ingestible drug delivery devicecomprises the identification of the patient, that optionally enables therelease of at least one bioactive substance to a patient; receivinginformation from data related to a healthcare provider that enables therelease of at least one bioactive substance to a patient; and/orreceiving the detected unique identity associated with the ingestibledrug delivery device detected via a patient interface device and theconfirmation of delivery of the medication to the patient via theingestible drug delivery device, that optionally enables the release ofat least one bioactive substance to a patient; and combinations thereof,the method comprising the steps of: confirming the origin of themedication and the type of the medication based at least on the uniqueidentity of the ingestible drug delivery device, to track the drugdelivery device from manufacturer of the ingestible drug delivery deviceto the patient, to enable a health care provider to determine the originof the drug delivery device, to confirm that at least one of the righttype and the right dosage of the medication was delivered to thepatient, and/or to enable the ingestible drug delivery device to releaseat least one bioactive substance to the patient, and optionally,preventing the dispensing of said bioactive substance if said processordetermines that whomever ingested said ingestible drug delivery deviceis not the patient that is permitted to ingest said ingestible drugdelivery device, wherein the ingestible drug delivery device furthercomprises an interlock.

The invention provides a method wherein the processor is operative tocommunicate with a datacenter database to at least one of retrievemedical information about the patient and provide information related tothe medication to be administered to the patient.

The invention provides a method wherein the processor is operative tovalidate at least one of the type and dosage selected by the health careprovider prior to dispensing the medication to the patient.

The invention provides a method wherein the processor is operative tocommunicate with an interrogation unit, wherein the interrogation unitis operative to interrogate the ingestible drug delivery device andreceive the unique identity of the ingestible drug delivery device toconfirm the origin of the medication and the type of the medication,wherein the computer is operative to interrogate the ingestible drugdelivery device and receive the unique identity of the identifier fromthe ingestible drug delivery device.

The invention provides a method wherein the processor is operative to:prevent release of the bio-active substance.

The invention provides a method wherein the processor is operative toreceive biometric parameters from the patient interface device, whereinthe biometric parameters can identify the patient.

The invention provides a method wherein the ingestible drug deliverydevice further comprises a deactivation module comprising a containerfor holding a volume and/or quantity of a deactivator and amicroactuator for dispensing said deactivator to said bioactivesubstance module, wherein the deactivator module is coupled to saidbioactive substance module, and wherein the electronics module iscoupled to said deactivator module, said electronics module comprising aprocessor, a transponder and a memory.

The invention provides a method wherein the ingestible drug deliverydevice further comprises a deactivation module comprising a containerfor holding a volume and/or quantity of a deactivator and amicroactuator for dispensing said deactivator to said patient, whereinthe deactivation substance is selected from the group consisting of anantagonist to the bioactive substance, and a pharmaceutical.

The invention provides a method for treating or preventing addiction,addiction induced anxiety, and/or withdrawal symptoms wherein saidmethod comprises: (a) selecting a patient in need of treating orpreventing addiction, addiction induced anxiety, and/or withdrawalsymptoms; (b) providing at least one ingestible drug delivery deviceconfigured for wireless communication with other ingestible drugdelivery devices, each of said drug delivery devices comprising: acapsule body comprising: a sensor for sensing at least one biologiccondition within a patient and providing a first signal representativethereof; a bioactive substance module comprising a container for holdinga volume and/or quantity of bioactive substance therein and amicroactuator for dispensing said bioactive substance from saidcontainer to a location outside of said capsule body; an electronicsmodule, coupled to said sensor and said bioactive substance module, saidelectronics module comprising a processor, a transponder and a memory,said memory comprising data selected from the group consisting of: (i)data related to the patient who is permitted to ingest said ingestibledrug medical device; (ii) data related to said bioactive substance;(iii) data related to a healthcare provider that enabled saidelectronics module; (iv) data related to said sensor; (v) data relatedto the provenance of said ingested drug medical device, and combinationsthereof; a power source coupled to said sensor, said bioactive substancemodule and said electronics module; and wherein said processor controlssaid transponder to transmit at least one wireless signal and to receiveat least one wireless signal from at least one other ingestible medicaldevice, and wherein said processor receives said first signal andanalyzes said first signal with all of said data along with saidreceived at least one wireless signal for controlling said microactuatorfor dispensing said bioactive substance; wherein the bioactive substanceis at least one glucocorticoid receptor antagonist in a therapeuticallyeffective amount; and (c) administering the ingestible delivery deviceto the patient, wherein addiction, addiction induced anxiety, and/orwithdrawal symptoms are treated and/or prevented in the patient. Theinvention provides a method wherein the at least one glucocorticoidreceptor antagonist is in a pharmaceutical preparation. The inventionprovides a method wherein the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist isselected from the group consisting of ORG 34517, 11-(substitutedphenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives, and 11-(substitutedphenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives of formula I

wherein A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 2heteroatoms which are not connected to each other and independentlyselected from O and S, the ring being optionally substituted with one ormore halogen atoms, or A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring whereinno double C—C bonds are present, containing 1 heteroatom selected from Oand S, which heteroatom is connected to the phenyl group at the positionindicated with an asterisk, the ring being optionally substituted withone or more halogen atoms; R1 is H or 1-oxo(1-4C)alkyl; R2 is H,(1-8C)alkyl, halogen or CF3; X is selected from (H,OH), O, and NOH; andthe interrupted line represents an optional bond. The invention providesa method wherein the GCR antagonist is ORG34517.

The invention provides a method of treating or preventing addiction,addiction induced anxiety, and/or withdrawal symptoms in a patient inneed thereof, comprising: (a) selecting a patient in need of treating orpreventing addiction, addiction induced anxiety, and/or withdrawalsymptoms; (b) providing at least one ingestible drug delivery deviceconfigured for wireless communication with other ingestible drugdelivery devices, said drug delivery device comprising: a capsule bodycomprising: a sensor for sensing at least one biologic condition withina patient and providing a first signal representative thereof; abioactive substance module comprising a container for holding a volumeand/or quantity of bioactive substance therein and a microactuator fordispensing said bioactive substance from said container to a locationoutside of said capsule body; an electronics module, coupled to saidsensor and said bioactive substance module, said electronics modulecomprising a processor, a transponder and a memory, said memorycomprising data selected from the group consisting of: (i) data relatedto the patient who is permitted to ingest said ingestible drug medicaldevice; (ii) data related to said bioactive substance; (iii) datarelated to a healthcare provider that enabled said electronics module;(iv) data related to said sensor; (v) data related to the provenance ofsaid ingested drug medical device, and combinations thereof; a powersource coupled to said sensor, said bioactive substance module and saidelectronics module; and wherein said processor controls said transponderto transmit at least one wireless signal and to receive at least onewireless signal from at least one other ingestible medical device, andwherein said processor receives said first signal and analyzes saidfirst signal with all of said data along with said received at least onewireless signal for controlling said microactuator for dispensing saidbioactive substance; wherein said bioactive substance is a compositioncomprising: i) a first therapeutic agent which is a GCR antagonist, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; ii) at least one or possiblymore additional therapeutic agent(s) selected from the group consistingof anxiolytics, antidepressants, neuroleptics, or other psychotropicmedications and combinations thereof; and iii) at least onepharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the first and secondtherapeutic agents are each present in an amount which, in combination,is a therapeutically effective amount for treating or preventingaddiction, addiction induced anxiety, and/or withdrawal symptoms; and(c) administering the ingestible drug delivery device to the patient,wherein addiction, addiction induced anxiety, and/or withdrawal symptomsare treated and/or prevented in the patient. The invention provides amethod wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the groupconsisting of at least one anti-anxiety drug, at least oneanti-depressant drug, and at least one neuroleptic medication andcombinations thereof, wherein the at least one anti-anxiety drug isselected from the group consisting of alprazolam, bromazepam, diazepam,lorazepam, clonazepam, temazepam, oxazepam, flunitrazepam, triazolam,chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, estazolam, nitrazepam, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomers, and mixtures thereof; and/orat least one anti-depressant drug selected from the group consisting ofcitalopram, escitalopram oxalate, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine,sertraline, dapoxetine; venlafaxine and duloxetine; harmaline,iproniazid, isocarboxazid, nialamide, pargyline, phenelzine, selegiline,toloxatone, tranylcypromine, brofaromine, moclobemide; amitriptyline,amoxapine, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dibenzepin,dothiepin, doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, melitracen,nortriptyline, opipramol, protriptyline, trimipramine; maprotiline,mianserin, nefazodone, trazodone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts,isomers, and combinations thereof, and/or at least one neuroleptic drugselected from the group consisting of Haloperidol, Droperidol,Benperidol, Triperidol, Melperone, Lenperone, azaperone, Domperidone,risperidone, Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine, Perphenazine,Prochlorperazine, Thioridazine, Trifluoperazine, Mesoridazine,Periciazine, Promazine, Triflupromazine, Levomepromazine, Promethazine,Pimozide, Cyamemazine, Chlorprothixene, Clopenthixol, Flupenthixol,Thiothixene, Zuclopenthixol, Clozapine, Olanzapine, Risperidone,Quetiapine, Ziprasidone, Amisulpride, Asenapine, Paliperidone,Iloperidone, Zotepine, Sertindole, Lurasidone, Aripiprazole, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomers, and combinations thereof.The invention provides a method wherein the GCR antagonist is selectedfrom the group consisting of ORG 34517, 11-(substitutedphenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives, and 11-(substitutedphenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives of formula I

wherein A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 2heteroatoms which are not connected to each other and independentlyselected from O and S, the ring being optionally substituted with one ormore halogen atoms, or A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring whereinno double C—C bonds are present, containing 1 heteroatom selected from Oand S, which heteroatom is connected to the phenyl group at the positionindicated with an asterisk, the ring being optionally substituted withone or more halogen atoms; R1 is H or 1-oxo(1-4C)alkyl; R2 is H,(1-8C)alkyl, halogen or CF3; X is selected from (H,OH), O, and NOH; andthe interrupted line represents an optional bond. The invention providesa method wherein the GCR antagonist is ORG34517.

The invention provides a method for treatment of withdrawal fromnarcotics and subsequent prevention of relapse of narcotic use in apatient in need of such treatment, said method comprising: (a) selectinga patient in need of treatment of withdrawal from narcotics andsubsequent prevention of relapse of narcotic use; (b) providing aningestible drug delivery device comprising: a sensor for sensing atleast one biologic condition within a patient and providing a firstsignal representative thereof; a bioactive substance module comprising acontainer for holding a volume and/or quantity of bioactive substancetherein and a microactuator for dispensing said bioactive substance fromsaid container to a location outside of said capsule body; anelectronics module, coupled to said sensor and said bioactive substancemodule, said electronics module comprising a processor, a transponderand a memory, said memory comprising capsule data that comprises dataselected from the group consisting of: data related to the patient whoingested said ingestible drug medical device; data related to saidbioactive substance; data related to a healthcare provider that enabledsaid processor; data related to said sensor; data related to theprovenance of said ingested drug medical device, a combinations thereof;a power source coupled to said sensor, said bioactive substance moduleand said electronics module; (c) administering the at least oneingestible delivery device to the patient, wherein upon ingesting saidingestible drug delivery device, listening, by said processor, for atleast one wireless signal from any other ingested drug delivery deviceand if no said at least one wireless signal is received within apredetermined period, said processor declaring itself a master drugdelivery device and moving to step (c), and if said at least onewireless signal is received within said predetermined period, saidprocessor wirelessly transmits an identification signal and halts anydispense process and continues to listen for another wireless signal;and d) analyzing said first signal with said capsule data forcontrolling said microactuator for dispensing said bioactive substance,wherein said bioactive substance is a composition comprising: i) a firsttherapeutic agent which is a GCR antagonist, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof; ii) optionally separated from the firsttherapeutic agent, at least one or possibly more additional therapeuticagent(s) selected from the group consisting of opioid analgesics andcombinations thereof; and iii) at least one pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, wherein the first and second therapeutic agents are eachpresent in an amount which, in combination, is a therapeuticallyeffective amount for treatment of withdrawal from narcotics andsubsequent prevention of relapse of narcotic use in a patient in need ofsuch treatment, wherein subsequent to the administration, the patientwithdrawal from narcotics is treated and subsequent relapse of narcoticuse is prevented. The invention provides a method wherein the secondtherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of at least onenarcotic selected from the group consisting of opioid analgesics,morphine, codeine, buprenorphine, tramadol, fentany, hydromonorphone,morphine, oxycodone/naloxone, opiate, opium, acetyldihydrocodeine,alfentani, allylprodine, alphamethylfentanyl, alphaprodine,benzylmorphine, betaprodine, bezitriamide, buprenorphine, butorphanol,bremazocine, carfentan (carfentanyl), contin, dextromoramide,dextropropoxyphene, dezocine, diacetylmorphine, diamorphine,dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dihydromorphone, diphenoxylate,dipipanone, enadoline, ethylketazocine, ethylmorphine, etonitazene,etorphine, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphin (hydromorphine),hydromorphone, ketazocine, ketobemidone, lefetamine, levomethadon,levomethadyl, levomethorphan, levor-phanol, loperamide, meperidine,meptazinol, methadone, methadyl, methylmorphine, morphin (morphine),nalbuphine, narcotic, nicocodeine, nicomorphine, normorphine, noscapin,ohmefentanyl, oripavine, oxycodone, oxycontin, oxymorphone, papaveretum,papaverin, pentazocine, percocet, peronine, pethidine, phenazocine,phencyclidine, pholcodine, piritramid (priitramidine), prodine,promedol, propoxyphene, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, thebaine,tilidine, tramadol, ultracet, and combinations thereof. The inventionprovides a method wherein the GCR antagonist is selected from the groupconsisting of ORG 34517, 11-(substituted phenyl)-estra-4,9-dienederivatives, and 11-(substituted phenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives offormula I

wherein A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 2heteroatoms which are not connected to each other and independentlyselected from O and S, the ring being optionally substituted with one ormore halogen atoms, or A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring whereinno double C—C bonds are present, containing 1 heteroatom selected from Oand S, which heteroatom is connected to the phenyl group at the positionindicated with an asterisk, the ring being optionally substituted withone or more halogen atoms; R1 is H or 1-oxo(1-4C)alkyl; R2 is H,(1-8C)alkyl, halogen or CF3; X is selected from (H,OH), O, and NOH; andthe interrupted line represents an optional bond. The invention providesa method wherein the GCR antagonist is ORG34517.

The invention provides a method for treatment of withdrawal fromnarcotics and subsequent prevention of relapse of narcotic use in apatient in need of such treatment, said method comprising: (a) selectinga patient in need of treatment of withdrawal from narcotics andsubsequent prevention of relapse of narcotic use; (b) providing aningestible drug delivery device comprising: a sensor for sensing atleast one biologic condition within a patient and providing a firstsignal representative thereof; a bioactive substance module comprising acontainer for holding a volume and/or quantity of bioactive substancetherein and a microactuator for dispensing said bioactive substance fromsaid container to a location outside of said capsule body, wherein saidbioactive substance is a composition comprising: i) a first therapeuticagent which is a GCR antagonist, or pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof; ii) optionally separated from the first therapeutic agent, atleast one or possibly more additional therapeutic agent(s) selected fromthe group consisting of opioid analgesics and combinations thereof; andiii) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the firstand second therapeutic agents are each present in an amount which, incombination, is a therapeutically effective amount for treatment ofwithdrawal from narcotics and subsequent prevention of relapse ofnarcotic use in a patient in need of such treatment; and an electronicsmodule, coupled to said sensor and said bioactive substance module, saidelectronics module comprising a processor, a transponder and a memory,said memory comprising capsule data that comprises data selected fromthe group consisting of: data related to the patient who ingested saidingestible drug medical device; data related to said bioactivesubstance; data related to a healthcare provider that enabled saidprocessor; data related to said sensor; data related to the provenanceof said ingested drug medical device; and combinations thereof; a powersource coupled to said sensor, said bioactive substance module and saidelectronics module; (c) administering to said patient at least oneingestible delivery device, wherein upon ingesting said ingestible drugdelivery device, listening, by said processor, for at least one wirelesssignal from any other ingested drug delivery device and if no said atleast one wireless signal is received within a predetermined period,said processor declaring itself a master drug delivery device and movingto step (c), and if said at least one wireless signal is received withinsaid predetermined period, said processor wirelessly transmits anidentification signal and halts any dispense process and continues tolisten for another wireless signal; and (d) analyzing said first signalwith said capsule data for controlling said microactuator for dispensingsaid bioactive substance wherein said step of analyzing comprises: (i)receiving a unique identity for the ingestible drug delivery device,wherein the ingestible drug delivery device comprises the uniqueidentity that is associated with at least one of the manufacturer andthe medication; (ii) receiving information from the patient interfacedevice in communication with the ingestible drug delivery device and thepatient, wherein at the time the patient takes the ingestible drugdelivery device, the patient interface device is operative to detect theunique identity associated with the ingestible drug delivery device andconfirm delivery of the medication to the patient, that optionallyenables the release of at least one bioactive substance to a patient;(iii) receiving information related to the patient who is permitted toingest said ingestible drug delivery device comprises the identificationof the patient, that optionally enables the release of at least onebioactive substance to a patient; (iv) receiving information from datarelated to a healthcare provider that enables the release of at leastone bioactive substance to a patient; (v) receiving the detected uniqueidentity associated with the ingestible drug delivery device detectedvia a patient interface device and the confirmation of delivery of themedication to the patient via the ingestible drug delivery device, thatoptionally enables the release of at least one bioactive substance to apatient; and (e) confirming the origin, type and dosage of said at leastone bioactive substance based at least on the unique identity of theingestible drug delivery device; (f) dispensing said at least onebioactive substance to the patient if said origin, type and dosage wereconfirmed in step (e) and disabling the dispensing of said at least onebioactive substance to the patient from said ingestible drug deliverydevice if said origin, type and dosage of said at least one bioactivesubstance was not confirmed in step (e). The invention provides a methodwherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the groupconsisting of at least one narcotic selected from the group consistingof opioid analgesics, morphine, codeine, buprenorphine, tramadol,fentany, hydromonorphone, morphine, oxycodone/naloxone, opiate, opium,acetyldihydrocodeine, alfentani, allylprodine, alphamethylfentanyl,alphaprodine, benzylmorphine, betaprodine, bezitriamide, buprenorphine,butorphanol, bremazocine, carfentan (carfentanyl), contin,dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene, dezocine, diacetylmorphine,diamorphine, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dihydromorphone,diphenoxylate, dipipanone, enadoline, ethylketazocine, ethylmorphine,etonitazene, etorphine, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphin(hydromorphine), hydromorphone, ketazocine, ketobemidone, lefetamine,levomethadon, levomethadyl, levomethorphan, levor-phanol, loperamide,meperidine, meptazinol, methadone, methadyl, methylmorphine, morphin(morphine), nalbuphine, narcotic, nicocodeine, nicomorphine,normorphine, noscapin, ohmefentanyl, oripavine, oxycodone, oxycontin,oxymorphone, papaveretum, papaverin, pentazocine, percocet, peronine,pethidine, phenazocine, phencyclidine, pholcodine, piritramid(priitramidine), prodine, promedol, propoxyphene, remifentanil,sufentanil, tapentadol, thebaine, tilidine, tramadol, ultracet, andcombinations thereof. The invention provides a method wherein the GCRantagonist is selected from the group consisting of ORG 34517,11-(substituted phenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives, and 11-(substitutedphenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives of formula I

wherein A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 2heteroatoms which are not connected to each other and independentlyselected from O and S, the ring being optionally substituted with one ormore halogen atoms, or A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring whereinno double C—C bonds are present, containing 1 heteroatom selected from Oand S, which heteroatom is connected to the phenyl group at the positionindicated with an asterisk, the ring being optionally substituted withone or more halogen atoms; R1 is H or 1-oxo(1-4C)alkyl; R2 is H,(1-8C)alkyl, halogen or CF3; X is selected from (H,OH), O, and NOH; andthe interrupted line represents an optional bond. The invention providesa method wherein the GCR antagonist is ORG34517. The invention providesa method further comprising the step of said master drug delivery devicetransmitting a wireless signal, following transmission of said at leastone wireless signal, at a predetermined interval and then listening forany response signal from any other ingested drug delivery device. Theinvention provides a method further comprising the step of saidprocessor of said master drug delivery device determining whether thelarge intestine has been entered or whether eight hours has elapsedsince ingestion. The invention provides a method further comprising thestep of said processor of said master drug delivery device storing theidentification and receipt time of any identification signal received bysaid processor. The invention provides a method further comprising thestep of said processor of said master drug delivery device organizingthe identifications of a plurality of ingested drug delivery devicesbased upon said respective receipt times of respective identificationsignals to form drug delivery device data. The invention provides amethod further comprising the step of said processor of said master drugdelivery device communicating with the ingested drug delivery devicewhose receipt time was closest to the ingestion of said master drugdelivery device. The invention provides a method further comprising thestep of said processor of said master drug delivery device reachingeither the large intestine or whether said eight hours has elapsed,whichever occurs first, and conferring to said ingested drug deliverydevice, whose receipt time was closest to the ingestion of said masterdrug delivery device, a title of new master drug delivery device alongwith said drug delivery device data, said original master drug deliverydevice shutting down permanently. The invention provides a methodfurther comprising the step of said new master drug delivery deviceanalyzing said first signal with said capsule data for controlling saidmicroactuator for dispensing said bioactive substance. The inventionprovides a method wherein said data related to the patient who ispermitted to ingest said ingestible drug delivery device comprises theidentification of the patient. The invention provides a method whereinsaid data related to the patient who is permitted to ingest saidingestible drug delivery device comprises the medical conditions of thepatient. The invention provides a method wherein the healthcare provideris selected from the group consisting of a doctor, a physician'sassistant, nurse, pharmacist, physical therapist, and dentist. Theinvention provides a method wherein said data related to said healthcareprovider that enabled said processor of said ingested drug deliverydevice comprises a digital signature of said healthcare provider. Theinvention provides a method further comprising the step of preventingthe dispensing of said bioactive substance if said processor determinesthat whoever ingested said ingestible drug delivery device is not thepatient that is permitted to ingest said ingestible drug deliverydevice. The invention provides a method wherein said volume of bioactivesubstance comprises an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) andfurther comprising step of deactivating said API if said ingestible drugdelivery device is tampered with. The invention provides a methodwherein said sensor is capable of detecting the concentration ofbioactive substance in the patient, and can prevent release ofadditional bioactive substance when contraindicated.

The invention provides a method wherein said sensor is capable ofdetecting pregnancy, and prevents release of bioactive substance whenthe patient is determined to be pregnant. The invention provides amethod wherein said sensor is selected from the group consisting ofelectronic, biological, chemical, digital sensors, and combinationsthereof. The invention provides a method wherein said sensor is selectedfrom the group consisting of a pH sensor, a temperature sensor, aglucose sensor, a pregnancy sensor, a drug sensor, a temperature sensor,a phenylalanine sensor, and combinations thereof. The invention providesa method wherein said sensor comprises a drug sensor for analytesselected from the group consisting of alcohol, nicotine, caffeine,cocaine (including crack cocaine), cannabis, amphetamines (includingcrystal methamphetamine), opiates and opiate analogues (includingheroine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone),dextromethorphan, benzodiazepines, ecstasy (MDMA), GHB, barbiturates,khat, kratom, PCP, LSD, ketamine, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin,rohypnol, Salvia divinorum, antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications,sleep aids, allergy medications, and combinations thereof, and preventsrelease of additional bioactive substance when contraindicated. Theinvention provides a method further comprising the step of preventingthe dispensing of said bioactive substance if said processor determinesthat the patient that ingested a compound selected from the groupconsisting of alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine (including crackcocaine), cannabis, amphetamines (including crystal methamphetamine),opiates and opiate analogues (including heroine, oxycodone, hydrocodone,hydromorphone, methadone), dextromethorphan, benzodiazepines, ecstasy(MDMA), GHB, barbiturates, khat, kratom, PCP, LSD, ketamine, peyote,mescaline, psilocybin, rohypnol, Salvia divinorum, antidepressants,anti-anxiety medications, sleep aids, allergy medications, andcombinations thereof wherein said sensor is capable of detecting theconcentration of bioactive substance in the patient, and preventsrelease of additional bioactive substance when contraindicated. Theinvention provides a method wherein the ingestible drug delivery devicefurther comprises a deactivation module comprising a container forholding a volume and/or quantity of a deactivator and a microactuatorfor dispensing said deactivator to said bioactive substance module,wherein the deactivator module is coupled to said bioactive substancemodule, and wherein the electronics module is coupled to saiddeactivator module, said electronics module comprising a processor, atransponder and a memory.

The invention provides a kit for comprising: (a) at least one ingestibledrug delivery device of the invention comprising a at least onepharmaceutical composition in a therapeutically effective amount; and(b) at least one blister package; a lidded blister; a blister card orpacket; a clamshell; an intravenous (IV) package, IV packette or IVcontainer; a tray or a shrink wrap comprising the pharmaceuticalcomposition of (a) and instructions for use of the pharmaceuticalcomposition. The invention provides a product of manufacture comprisingat least one ingestible drug delivery device of the invention comprisingat least one pharmaceutical composition in a therapeutically effectiveamount in a blister package; a lidded blister; a blister card or packet;a clamshell; an intravenous (IV) package, IV packette or IV container; atray or a shrink wrap comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprisingat least one glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, and instructions foruse.

The compositions and/or devices of the invention can be used forprevention and/or treatment of conditions and/or indications as setforth herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in conjunction with the followingdrawings in which like reference numerals designate like elements andwherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary Smart Pill and wirelessencrypted network of the present invention;

FIG. 2A is an unraveled version of a Smart Pill of the present inventionshowing the Smart Pill components positioned on a substrate having anantenna embedded therein;

FIG. 2B is a Smart Pill in its ready to use form;

FIG. 2C is a functional diagram of the Smart Pill showing anelectrolytic actuator for dispensing the active pharmaceuticalingredient (API), showing the pill in its initial state;

FIG. 2D is a functional diagram of the Smart Pill showing theelectrolytic actuator activated for dispensing the API;

FIG. 2E is a functional diagram of the Smart Pill showing an alternativeto maintaining the pill components connected together during and afterthe dispensing of the API;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of the Smart Pill security flag operation;

FIG. 4 is a functional diagram of a peer communication system using theZigbee standard;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of Smart Pill termination and elimination;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of activation of the Smart Pill “over dosageprotection system” process;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of the over dosage protection system;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of the emergency overdose system;

FIG. 9 is a an alternative protocol for avoiding inadvertent andintentional overdosing; and

FIG. 10A is a functional diagram of an electrolytical pump, used inophthalmological procedures, which can be used in the present invention;

FIG. 10B is a functional diagram of the mechanism in FIG. 10A thatcreates the pump action via the creation of gas by the electrolysis ofwater; and

FIG. 10C is an exemplary implementation of the mechanism of FIG. 10B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

An amount is “effective” as used herein, when the amount provides aneffect in the subject. As used herein, the term “effective amount” meansan amount of a compound or composition sufficient to significantlyinduce a positive benefit, including independently or in combinationsthe benefits disclosed herein, but low enough to avoid serious sideeffects, i.e., to provide a reasonable benefit to risk ratio, within thescope of sound judgment of the skilled artisan. For those skilled in theart, the effective amount, as well as dosage and frequency ofadministration, may easily be determined according to their knowledgeand standard methodology of merely routine experimentation based on thepresent disclosure.

As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are usedinterchangeably. As used herein, the term “patient” refers to an animal,preferably a mammal such as a non-primate (e.g., cows, pigs, horses,cats, dogs, rats etc.) and a primate (e.g., monkey and human), and mostpreferably a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-humananimal such as a farm animal (e.g., a horse, pig, or cow) or a pet(e.g., a dog or cat). In a specific embodiment, the subject is anelderly human. In another embodiment, the subject is a human adult. Inanother embodiment, the subject is a human child. In yet anotherembodiment, the subject is a human infant. The subject can include, butis not limited to, human, equine, bovine, ovine, swine, rodent, canine,feline, avian, amphibian, or reptile.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approvedby a regulatory agency of the federal or a state government, or listedin the U.S. Pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopeia, or other generallyrecognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly, inhumans.

As used herein, the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” inthe context of the administration of a therapy to a subject refer to theprevention or inhibition of the recurrence, onset, and/or development ofa disease or condition, or a combination of therapies (e.g., acombination of prophylactic or therapeutic agents).

As used herein, the terms “therapies” and “therapy” can refer to anymethod(s), composition(s), and/or agent(s) that can be used in theprevention, treatment and/or management of a disease or condition, orone or more symptoms thereof.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” and “treating” in thecontext of the administration of a therapy to a subject refer to thereduction or inhibition of the progression and/or duration of a diseaseor condition, the reduction or amelioration of the severity of a diseaseor condition, and/or the amelioration of one or more symptoms thereofresulting from the administration of one or more therapies.

The healthcare provider may be any of the healthcare providers describedherein, including a doctor, physician's assistant, nurse, pharmacist,physical therapist, dentist, weight management specialist, and the like.The healthcare professional may also be a more general service providersuch as a personal trainer, yoga instructor, or the like. In anotherembodiment, the healthcare professional may be an institution ororganization, such as a hospital, university, health maintenanceorganization, dentist office and the like.

Ingestible Drug Delivery Device

The invention is directed to an ingestible drug delivery device whichmay communicate with other ingestible drug delivery devices and/or otherelectronic devices to, for example, control release of bioactivesubstances. FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary diagram of the ingestible drugdelivery device. The ingestible drug delivery device of the inventionmay comprise, for example, at least one electronics module operablyconnected to sensor, a bioactive substances module, a deactivationmodule and a power source. The electronics module may be configured toreceive at least one signal from one or more sensors, includinginformation regarding one or more physiological conditions of avertebrate subject. The electronics module can be programmable and caninclude memory, and a transponder. The at least one electronics modulecan be configured to implement logic such as comparison, sorting,reduction, and/or endpoint determination. The electronics module can beconfigured to collect and analyze multiple data points in a relativefashion, including either serially or in parallel. The electronicsmodule can be configured to receive information from at least one of asensor, a timekeeping device, a user interface, and an outside operatingsource. The electronics module can process the information from the oneor more sensors into at least one resulting instruction and providingthe at least one resulting instruction to, for example, the bio-activesubstance module and/or the deactivation module. The electronics modulecan transmit information and/or instructions using, for example, atransponder.

The electronics module may comprise a programmable microprocessor whichcan be directed through a number of sources including, but not limitedto, pre-programmed information in the programmable microprocessorregarding one or more physiological conditions of the subject;information provided by user input regarding one or more physiologicalconditions of the subject; activation/deactivation by, for example, ahealthcare provider; or programming provided by the electronics moduleregarding one or more physiological conditions of the subject.

Another key aspect of the ingestible drug delivery device is that theprovenance, i.e., the origins and subsequent activity(ies) of each drugdelivery device is stored within the memory of that device. Thus, themanufacturer, the API content and amount, the communication history, thehealthcare provider (e.g., pharmacist) who prepared or otherwise“enabled” the drug device etc., i.e., any activity or individualassociated with the drug device is stored in the memory. All of thisinformation can be recalled by appropriate wireless commands to theparticular drug device.

Networking

The electronics module can be configured to receive at least one signalfrom the one or more sensors and to provide instructions in the form ofat least one signal to the one or more bioactive substance module and/ordeactivation modules. The digital processing units can be configured toreceive at least one signal from the one or more sensors and to processthe signal into one or more resulting instructions and provide theinstructions in the form of at least one signal to the programmablemicroprocessor. The electronics module can be configured to receive atleast one signal from the one or more digital processing units, forexample other ingestible drug delivery devices of the invention, and toprovide instructions in the form of at least one signal to the one ormore bioactive substance module and/or deactivation modules. A signalcan include, for example, an optic signal, a light signal, a chromaticsignal, an acoustic signal, a vibrational signal, an infrared (IR)signal, an electronic signal, a digital signal, a radio signal, awireless signal, or any other detectable signal. A signal from the oneor more sensors, digital processing unit, or programmable microprocessorcan be part of the communication between the one or more sensors, theprogrammable microprocessor, the digital processing unit, and/or the oneor more bioactive substance module and/or deactivation modules. Forexample, the programmable microprocessor, the digital processing unit,or the one or more sensors can be configured with one or moretransmitter and/or one or more receiver and can utilize forcommunication transmissions such as radiowaves. For example, the one ormore sensor may include a means for transmitting radiofrequency signalsand may include, e.g., an analyte sensor-enabled RFID tag (see., e.g.,in Moore, J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 3: 180-183, 2009, which isincorporated herein by reference). Miniaturized (0.5.times.0.5.times.5mm) Implantable sensors are produced by BIORASIS Inc. including theGLUCOWIZZARD®, an implantable sensor that senses glucose levels andtransmits the information to a proximal communicator. A bio-sensor chipcan be used that includes a passive transponder, glucose sensor andintegrated circuitry. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,125,382 to Zhouentitled “Embedded Bio-sensor System,” which is incorporated herein byreference. See, e.g., Digital Angel Corporation, St. Paul, Minn.Transmission communications may include frequency-hopping spreadspectrum technology such as BLUETOOTH® wireless technology. The acoustictransmission communication may include frequency-hopping spread spectrumtechnology such as BLUETOOTH® wireless technology.

Vehicles of communication include a network. In various aspects, thenetwork may comprise local area networks (LAN) as well as wide areanetworks (WAN) including without limitation Internet, wired channels,wireless channels, communication devices including telephones,computers, wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic channels, andcombinations thereof, including other devices and/or components capableof/associated with communicating data. For example, the communicationenvironments include in-body communications, various devices, variousmodes of communications such as wireless communications, wiredcommunications, and combinations of the same.

Wireless communication modes include any mode of communication betweenpoints that utilizes, at least in part, wireless technology includingvarious protocols and combinations of protocols associated with wirelesstransmission, data, and devices. The points include, for example,wireless devices such as wireless headsets, audio and multimedia devicesand equipment, such as audio players and multimedia players, telephones,including mobile telephones and cordless telephones, and computers andcomputer-related devices and components, such as printers.

Wired communication modes include any mode of communication betweenpoints that utilizes wired technology including various protocols andcombinations of protocols associated with wired transmission, data, anddevices. The points include, for example, devices such as audio andmultimedia devices and equipment, such as audio players and multimediaplayers, telephones, including mobile telephones and cordlesstelephones, and computers and computer-related devices and components,such as printers.

Accordingly, in various aspects, the communications interface maycomprise one or more interfaces such as, for example, a wirelesscommunications interface, a network interface, a transmit interface, areceive interface, a media interface, a system interface, a componentinterface, a switching interface, a chip interface, a microprocessor,and so forth. When implemented by a wireless device or within wirelesssystem, for example, the mobile computer may include a wirelessinterface comprising one or more antennas, transmitters, receivers,transceivers, amplifiers, filters, control logic, and so forth.

In various implementations, the described aspects may communicate overwireless shared media in accordance with a number of wireless protocols.Examples of wireless protocols may include various wireless local areanetwork (WLAN) protocols, including the Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.xx series of protocols, such as IEEE802.11a/b/g/n, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, and so forth. Other examples ofwireless protocols may include various wireless wide area network (WWAN)protocols, such as GSM cellular radiotelephone system protocols withGPRS, CDMA cellular radiotelephone communication systems with 1×RTT,EDGE systems, EV-DO systems, EV-DV systems, HSDPA systems, and so forth.Further examples of wireless protocols may include wireless personalarea network (PAN) protocols, such as an Infrared protocol, a protocolfrom the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) series of protocols,including Bluetooth Specification versions v1.0, v1.1, v1.2, v2.0, v2.0with Enhanced Data Rate (EDR), as well as one or more BluetoothProfiles, and so forth. Yet another example of wireless protocols mayinclude near-field communication techniques and protocols, such aselectro-magnetic induction (EMI) techniques. An example of EMItechniques may include passive or active radio-frequency identification(RFID) protocols and devices. Other suitable protocols may include UltraWide Band (UWB), Digital Office (DO), Digital Home, Trusted PlatformModule (TPM), ZigBee, and so forth.

In various implementations, the described aspects may comprise part of acellular communication system. Examples of cellular communicationsystems may include CDMA cellular radiotelephone communication systems,GSM cellular radiotelephone systems, North American Digital Cellular(NADC) cellular radiotelephone systems, Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) cellular radiotelephone systems, Extended-TDMA (E-TDMA) cellularradiotelephone systems, Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service (NAMPS)cellular radiotelephone systems, third generation (3G) systems such asWCDMA, CDMA-2000, UMTS cellular radiotelephone systems compliant withthe Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and so forth.

In various aspects, the electronics module includes the functionality towirelessly receive and/or wirelessly transmit data, e.g., physiologicdata, to a computer, such as a mobile computer.

Further, in various aspects, the electronics module may incorporateand/or be associated with, e.g., communicate with, various devices. Suchdevices may generate, receive, and/or communicate data, e.g.,physiologic data. The devices include, for example, “intelligent”devices such as cellular phones, personal data assistants, or devicesconfigured to be used by a health care provider or a patient to receiveor transmit data to and from the ingestible drug delivery devices.

The mobile computer may be implemented as a mobile telephone. Forexample, the mobile computer may be implemented as a short-range,portable electronic device used for mobile voice or data communicationover a network of specialized cell site base stations. The mobiletelephone is sometimes known as or referred to as “mobile,” “wireless,”“cellular phone,” “cell phone,” or “hand phone (HP).”

FIG. 9 provides an exemplary wireless communication protocol where morethan one Smart Pill is ingested by an individual. This protocol, amongother things, prevents inadvertent or intentional overdosing by theindividual who ingests them. In general, each ingestible drug deliverydevice initially “listens” for the broadcast of another ingested drugdelivery device. If no signal is received within a predetermined periodof time, that ingestible drug delivery device declares itself the“master” and begins to broadcast a signal at periodic intervals. Anysubsequently ingested drug delivery devices will receive the broadcastsignal and will deactivate their API delivery mechanism while respondingwith their particular ID number that is stored by the “master” in timesequence. If subsequently ingested drug delivery devices are permittedby the physician, when the master reaches its destination or finaldispensement, it communicates to the ingested drug delivery device thatentered the individual's body just after the master entered to be thenew “master.” In addition, the time sequence by ID number is alsotransmitted from the old master to the new master. If, on the otherhand, only the master was permitted to dispense the API, then no newmaster is declared and all subsequently-ingested drug delivery devicesremain inactive for their duration in the individual's body.

Sensors

The ingestible drug delivery device may be configured to receive one ormore signals from one or more sensors can be part of the communicationbetween the sensors and the electronics module or the programmablemicroprocessor. A signal from the programmable microprocessor can bepart of the communication between the programmable microprocessor andthe one or more bioactive substance module and/or deactivation modules.For example, where the one or more sensors are configured to emit anelectromagnetic signal following detection of a physiological conditionof the subject, the programmable microprocessor can include an EM signaldetection device, such as a detection device configured to detectnon-visible light or light of a specific wavelength. See, for example,U.S. Patent Application No. 2003/0143580 to Straus, titled “Rapid andsensitive detection of molecules,” which is incorporated herein byreference. In embodiments in which the one or more sensors areconfigured to emit optically detectable signals, the one or more sensorscan include, in part or in whole, an optically permeable section (e.g. awindow), and the one or more sensors or the programmable microprocessorcan include, in part, a spectrophotometer and/or light source configuredto elicit signals related to information regarding a physiologicalcondition of the subject. For example, the one or more sensors caninclude at least one of a chromogen, fluorescent agent, luminescentagent, a quantum dot, or a compound configured to exhibit alterableoptical density. A light source associated with the one or more sensorscan include, for example, a light emitting diode or a white lightsource, such as a source configured to provide light in a variableand/or specific wavelength, including infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV).See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,740 to Ligler et al., titled “Flowimmunosensor method and apparatus,” U.S. Pat. No. 7,459,713 to Coates,titled “Integrated handheld sensing system approach for handheldspectral measurements having a disposable sample handling apparatus,”U.S. Patent Application No. 2008/0265146 to Coates, titled “Integratedsensing module for handheld spectral measurements,” which are hereinincorporated by reference. For example, a sensor pair consisting oflight emitter and light detector can be configured to be a part of theone or more sensors. The electronics module sensor can include a digitalsignal processor and/or software for converting the light signal intoinformation able to be stored or communicated between the digitalprocessing unit, programmable microprocessor, and sensors. See, forexample: U.S. Pat. No. 6,623,698 to Kuo, titled “Saliva-monitoringbiosensor head toothbrush;” U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,453 to Kuo, titled“Handheld diagnostic device with renewable biosensor;” U.S. PatentApplication No. 2003/0023189 to Kuo, titled “Handheld diagnostic devicewith renewable biosensor;” and U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0127143to Kuo, titled “Saliva-monitoring biosensor electrical toothbrush,”which are herein incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the oneor more sensors can use electric pulses to measure the conductivity ofone or more tissues of the subject to measure a physiological conditionof the subject, e.g., pH, pCO.sub.2, blood flow, blood pressure, skintemperature, core temperature, tissue temperature, or blood oxygenation.See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,623,698 and 7,314,453 to Kuo.

The device including one or more bioactive substance module and/ordeactivation modules configured to be administered to a subject, and aprogrammable microprocessor configured to provide instructions to theone or more bioactive substance module and/or deactivation modules inresponse to information regarding one or more physiological conditionsof the vertebrate subject can further include one or more sensorsoperably connected to the programmable microprocessor and configured tosense one or more indicator of the one or more physiological conditions.The one or more sensors can be operably connected to the electronicsmodule. The electronics module can be operably connected to theprogrammable microprocessor and can be configured to receive informationfrom the sensor, to process the information into at least one resultinginstruction, and to provide the at least one resulting instruction tothe programmable microprocessor. The programmable microprocessor isconfigured to provide instructions to the one or more bioactivesubstance module and/or deactivation modules in response to informationfrom the one or more sensors regarding one or more physiologicalconditions of the patient. The one or more indicator of the one or morephysiological conditions can include a plasma and/or localized tissuelevel of one or more analytes, e.g. a metabolic analyte, in the subject.In an aspect, the one or more analytes can include analytes associatedwith a disorder. In an aspect, the one or more metabolic analytes caninclude metabolic analytes associated with a metabolic disorder. The oneor more metabolic analytes indicative of a metabolic disorder include,but are not limited to, glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides,insulin, glucagon, pro-inflammatory molecules, cholesterol, low densitylipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

The one or more sensors are configured to provide data to theelectronics module and/or the programmable microprocessor regarding theplasma and/or tissue levels of analytes associated with a disorder. Theprogrammable microprocessor is configured to respond to the datareceived from the sensors by adjusting the one or more bioactivesubstance module and/or deactivation modules to appropriately release ornot release the bioactive substance in order to treat a disorder.Alternatively or in addition, the electronics module is configured toprocess the data from the sensor and provide instructions and/orprogramming to the programmable microprocessor to adjust the one or morebioactive substance module and/or deactivation modules to appropriatelyrelease the deactivation substance to, for example, deactivate thebioactive substance.

The one or more sensors may be configured to provide data to theelectronics module and/or the programmable microprocessor regarding theplasma, blood, and/or tissue levels of bioactive substance. Theprogrammable microprocessor may be configured to respond to the datareceived from the sensors by adjusting the one or more bioactivesubstance module and/or deactivation modules to appropriately releaseand/or not release the bioactive substance and/or deactivation substancein order to titrate, for example, blood and/or or plasma concentration,to for example, treat a condition or prevent overdose. Alternatively orin addition, the electronics module is configured to process the datafrom the sensor and provide instructions and/or programming to theprogrammable microprocessor to adjust the one or more bioactivesubstance module and/or deactivation modules to appropriately releasethe deactivation substance to, for example, deactivate the bioactivesubstance.

In an aspect, the one or more analytes can include, but are not limitedto, utilizable glucose, produced and/or released glycerol, free fattyacids, cAMP (indicative of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation),hexokinase and phosphofructokinase or their enzymatic activities orproducts.

The device can include one or more sensors configured to sense one ormore other physiological conditions of the subject including, but notlimited to, pH, pCO2, blood flow, blood pressure, skin temperature, coretemperature, tissue temperature, or blood oxygenation. The one or moresensors can also be configured to sense measures of physical activity ofthe subject as a means for estimating daily energy expenditure. Measuresof physical activity of a subject include, but are not limited to, bodytemperature, heart rate, skin resistance, motion/acceleration, andvelocity.

The one or more sensors operably connected with the electronics moduleand/or programmable microprocessor can include, but are not limited to,one or more biosensors, chemical sensors, pressure sensors, temperaturesensors, flow sensors, viscosity sensors, shear sensors (e.g., formeasuring the effective shear modulus of the fluid at a frequency orstrain-rate), pH sensors, optical sensors (e.g., charged couple device(CCD) array), optical waveguide sensors, acoustic sensors, surfaceacoustic wave sensors, quartz microbalance sensors, metal oxide sensors,bulk acoustic wave sensors, plate acoustic wave sensors, electricalsensors, magnetic sensors, interdigitated microelectrode sensors,electrochemical sensors, electrically conducting sensors, artificialnoses, electronic noses, electronic tongues, semiconductive gas sensors,mass spectrometers, near infrared and infrared spectrometers,ultraviolet sensors, visible light-based sensors, fluorescencespectrophotometers, conductive-polymers, gas-fluorescencespectrophotometers, impedance spectrometers, aptamer-based biosensors,ion mobility spectrometry, photo-ionization detectors, amplifyingfluorescent polymer sensors, ion mobility spectrometry, electricalimpedance, microgravimetric sensors, cantilever and microcantileversensors, accelerometers, global positioning devices, clocks ortime-keeping devices. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,522,394; 5,873,835;6,409,674; 6,111,520; 6,278,379; 6,475,639; 6,802,811; 6,855,115,6,517,482; 6,675,030; 6,836,678; 6,954,662; 7,184,810; 7,299,080, andU.S. Patent Application 2005/0277839, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The one or more sensors can include a single sensor or an array ofsensors, and is not limited to a particular number or type of sensors.The one or more sensors can be very small, comprising a sensor or arrayof sensors, having, for example, a biosensor, a chemical sensor (SnowScience, 2005, 307: 1942-1945), a gas sensor (Hagleitner et al., Nature,2001 414:293-296), an electronic nose, a nuclear magnetic resonanceimager (Yusa et al., Nature, 2005, 343:1001-1005). The foregoingreferences are each incorporated herein by reference. Further examplesof sensors are provided in The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, SecondEdition, Volume I, J. D. Bronzino, Ed., Copyright 2000, CRC Press LLC,pp. V-1-51-9; Morrison et al., “Clinical Applications of Micro- andNanoscale Biosensors” in Biomedical Nanostructures. Edited by K. E.Gonsalves, C. L. Laurencin, C. R. Halberstadt, L. S, Nair. 2008, JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,802,811, each of which isincorporated herein by reference.

The one or more sensors can be configured to detect an analyte thatincludes, but is not limited to, a biological marker, an antibody, anantigen, a peptide, a polypeptide, a neuropeptide, a protein, a complex,an enzyme, a hormone, a neurotransmitter, a nucleic acid, a cell (and,in some cases, a cell of a particular type, e.g. by methods used in flowcytometry), a cell fragment, a cellular component, a platelet, anorganelle, a gamete, a pathogen, a lipid, a lipoprotein, an alcohol, anacid, an ion, an immunomodulator, a sterol, a carbohydrate, asaccharide, a polysaccharide, a glycoprotein, a metal, an electrolyte, ametabolite, an organic compound, an organophosphate, a drug, atherapeutic, a gas, a pollutant, or a tag. The one or more sensors caninclude one or more binding elements configured to interact with ananalyte including, but not limited to, binding molecules, recognitionelements, antibodies or fragments thereof, oligonucleotide or peptidebased aptamers (see, e.g., Mok & Li Sensors 8: 7050-7084, 2008, which isincorporated herein by reference), receptors or ligands, artificialbinding substrates (e.g. those formed by molecular imprinting), or anyother examples of molecules and/or substrates capable of interactingwith an analyte.

In an aspect, the device including the one or more sensors can includeone or more optical sensors. An optical sensor can be configured tomeasure the optical absorption, optical emission, fluorescence, orphosphorescence, luminescence of an analyte or an associated tag orbinding element, other tissues of interest, or combinations thereof.Such optical properties can be inherent optical properties of theanalyte, e.g. autofluorescence, or can be optical properties ofmaterials added or introduced into the body of the subject that interactwith the analyte, other tissues of interest, or combinations thereof.Optical sensing of materials in blood, for example, is described inMattley et al., “Blood characterization using UV/VIS spectroscopy” Proc.SPIE Advances in Fluorescence Sensing Technology II, Joseph R. Lakowicz;Ed. Vol. 2388, p. 462-470, 1995 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,589,932 and7,027,134, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The ingestible drug delivery devices may include one or more sensorsconfigured to sense the blood glucose levels in the subject. The one ormore sensors can include a glucose sensor that is either an integralpart of the device, wherein the sensors is operably connected to theprogrammable microprocessor as described herein, or is in a separatedevice, for example a glucose sensing device in wireless communicationwith the programmable microprocessor in the device described herein. Anumber of different glucose monitors have been described using, forexample, pin prick, transdermal, or implantable devices. See, e.g., U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,436,094; 4,953,552; 5,497,772; U.S. Patent Applications2010/0049021; 2010/0081910; each of which is incorporated herein byreference. The one or more sensors can include one or moreelectrochemical- or photochemical-based sensors wherein a measurablechemical reaction occurs in response to the presence of one or moreanalyte. For example, many electrochemical sensors use enzymes asspecifiers for the analyte. The enzymes cause a chemical reaction, suchas a reduction reaction, and electrons released by the reaction aretransferred to a mediator molecule, which itself is converted. Themediator then transfers the electrons to an electrode forelectrochemical measurement or transfers the electrons to an indicatormolecule for photochemical responses. Ferrocene derivatives andhexacyanoferrate are examples of one-electron mediators. Quinones are anexample of two-electron mediators. A glucose sensor included in thedevice uses as the specifier an oxidoreductase that oxidizes glucose togluconolactone. Electrons from the glucose are then transferred to theoxidized form of a mediator molecule, which in turn delivers theelectrons to an electrode. The amount of electric current generated isproportional to the amount of glucose in the sample, and electronicswithin the sensor convert the signal, and the signal is communicated tothe programmable microprocessor or the electronics module that isoperably connected to the programmable microprocessor. See, e.g., Hones,et al., Diabetes Techn & Therap, 10: Supplement 1 S10-S26, 2008.Examples of commercially available glucose monitors using suchtechnology in measuring blood glucose levels of a subject include, butare not limited to, OneTouch® blood glucose monitors (LifeScan-Johnson &Johnson, Milpitas, Calif.), Accu-Chek® blood glucose monitors (F.Hoffman-Roche A G, Basel, Switzerland), and Ascencia® blood glucosemonitors (Bayer HealthCare LLC, Tarrytown, N.Y.). In an aspect, theglucose sensor for measuring blood glucose levels of a subject caninclude a continuous monitoring system, examples of which include, butare not limited to Freestyle. Navigator® glucose monitor (Abbot DiabetesCare, Alameda, Calif.), Guardian® Real-Time glucose monitor (MedtronicMiniMed, Northridge, Calif.), and DexCom® SEVEN® glucose monitor(DexCom, San Diego, Calif.). See, e.g., Hermanides & DeVries,Diabetologia, 53: 593-596, 2010, which is incorporated herein byreference. The FreeStyle Navigator® glucose monitor, for example, isbiocompatible chip implanted into the abdomen or back of the upper armof a subject and includes an external receiver. Similarly, blood glucosesensor-enabled radio frequency identification (RFID) devices have beendescribed for active monitoring of glucose. See, e.g., Moore, J.Diabetes Sci. Technol. 3: 180-183, 2009, which is incorporated herein byreference. Miniaturized (0.5.times.0.5.times.5 mm) implantable glucosesensors can include the GLUCOWIZZARD® implantable glucose sensor thatsenses glucose levels and transmits the information to a proximalcommunicator. See, e.g., BIORASIS Storrs/Mansfield, Conn. A bio-sensorchip can include a passive transponder, glucose sensor, and integratedcircuitry. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,125,382 to Zhou entitled “EmbeddedBio-sensor System,” which is incorporated herein by reference. See,e.g., Digital Angel Corporation, St. Paul, Minn. Other methods forcontinuous monitoring of blood glucose levels of a subject includetranscutaneous fluorescence lifetime-based microsensors or subcutaneousmicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensors. See, e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,304,766; Nielsen, et al., J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 3:98-109; Li, et al., J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2: 1066-1074, 2008, eachof which is incorporated herein by reference.

In an aspect, the one or more sensors can use a charged coupled device(CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, forexample, in combination with a binding element that exhibits alteredoptical properties, e.g., fluorescence, in response to binding ananalyte. For example, glycerol and/or free fatty acids can be analyzedusing one or more of the sensors. A sensor for measuring a free fattyacid can include an acyl-CoA-binding protein which exhibits an increasedfluorescence yield in response to binding a fatty acid. See, e.g.,Wadum, et al., Biochem. J., 365: 165-172, 2002, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

In an aspect, the one or more sensor can include a binding element,e.g., an antibody or oligonucleotide aptamer, configured to exhibitForster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in response tobinding one or more analytes in the subject. FRET is adistance-dependent interaction between the excited states of twofluorophore molecules in which excitation is transferred from a donormolecule to an acceptor molecule without emission of a photon. For usein a sensor, one or more binding molecules, e.g., antibodies oroligonucleotide aptamers, associated with the one or more sensors areconfigured with at least one donor molecule and at least one acceptormolecule. The interaction of an analyte with the binding molecule of thesensor results in a conformation change in the binding molecule, leadingto changes in the distance between the donor and acceptor molecules andchanges in measurable fluorescence.

Donor and acceptor fluorophore pairs can be considered for FRETincluding, but not limited to, fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine;IAEDANS and fluorescein; fluorescein and fluorescein; and BODIPY FL andBODIPY FL, and various Alexa Fluor pairings as described herein. Thecyanine dyes Cy3, Cy5, Cy5.5 and Cy7, which emit in the red and far redwavelength range (>550 nm) as well as semiconductor quantum dots canalso be used for FRET-based detection systems. Quenching dyes can alsobe used to quench the fluorescence of visible light-excitedfluorophores, examples of which include DABCYL, the non-fluorescingdiarylrhodamine derivative dyes QSY 7, QSY 9 and QSY 21 (MolecularProbes, Carlsbad, Calif., USA), the non-fluorescing Black Hole QuenchersBHQ0, BHQ1, BHQ2, and BHQ3 (Biosearch Technologies, Inc., Novato,Calif., USA) and Eclipse (Applera Corp., Norwalk, Conn., USA). A varietyof donor fluorophore and quencher pairs can be considered for FRETassociated with the binding molecule including, but not limited to,fluorescein with DABCYL; EDANS with DABCYL; or fluorescein with QSY 7and QSY 9. In general, QSY 7 and QSY 9 dyes efficiently quench thefluorescence emission of donor dyes including blue-fluorescentcoumarins, green- or orange-fluorescent dyes, and conjugates of theTexas Red and Alexa Fluor 594 dyes. QSY 21 dye efficiently quenches allred-fluorescent dyes. A number of the Alexa Fluor (AF) fluorophores(Molecular Probes-Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) can be paired withquenching molecules as follows: AF 350 with QSY 35 or DABCYL; AF 488with QSY 35, DABCYL, QSY7 or QSY9; AF 546 with QSY 35, DABCYL, QSY7 orQSY9; AF 555 with QSY7 or QSY9; AF 568 with QSY7, QSY9 or QSY21; AF 594with QSY21; and AF 647 with QSY 21.

The one or more sensors for sensing one or more physiological conditionsof a subject can include surface plasmon resonance (for planar surfaces)or localized surface plasmon resonance (for nanoparticles). Surfaceplasmon resonance involves detecting changes in the refractive index ona sensor surface in response to changes in molecules bound to the sensorsurface. In an aspect, the surface of the sensor is a solid supportcoated with a thin film of metal, e.g., gold. The one or more sensorsinclude a matrix to which is immobilized one or more binding molecules,e.g., antibodies or aptamers, that recognize one or more analytes. Thesensor is illuminated by monochromatic light. Resonance occurs at aspecific angle of incident light. The resonance angle depends on therefractive index in the vicinity of the surface, which is dependent uponthe concentration of analyte bound to the surface. See, e.g., Raghavan &Bjorkman Structure 3: 331-333, 1995, which is incorporated herein byreference.

The one or more sensors for sensing analytes can be one or morelabel-free optical biosensors that incorporate other opticalmethodologies, e.g., interferometers, waveguides, fiber gratings, ringresonators, and photonic crystals. See, e.g., Fan, et al., Anal. Chim.Acta 620: 8-26, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference. Thelight-based signal or electrical signal to the sensor is converted by atransducer, e.g., within the digital processing unit, into within thedigital processing unit, which then processes the data into informationthat can be stored, analyzed, and communicated, including, for example,at least one resulting instruction. The electronics module provides theat least one resulting instruction to the programmable microprocessor.

The one or more sensors configured to provide information regarding oneor more physiological conditions of the subject can include one or moremicrocantilevers. A microcantilever can act as a biological sensor bydetecting changes in cantilever bending or vibrational frequency inresponse to binding of one or more analytes to the surface of thesensor. See, e.g., Lavrik et al., Rev. Sci. Inst, 75:4: 2229-2253, 2004,which is incorporated herein by reference. In an aspect, the sensor caninclude a microcantilever or a microbead as in an immunoaffinity bindingarray. In another aspect, a biochip can be formed that usesmicrocantilever bi-material, e.g., formed from gold and silicon, assensing elements. See, e.g. Vashist J. Nanotech Online 3: DO:10.2240/azojono0115, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference.The gold component of the microcantilever can be coated with one or morebinding molecules which upon binding one or more analytes causes themicrocantilever to deflect. Aptamers or antibodies specific for one ormore analytes can be used to coat microcantilevers. See, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 7,097,662, which is incorporated herein by reference. The one ormore sensors can incorporate one or more methods for microcantileverdeflection detection including, but not limited to, piezoresistivedeflection, optical deflection, capacitive deflection, interferometrydeflection, optical diffraction grating deflection, and charge coupleddevice. The deflection is measured and transmitted as data by atransducer, e.g., within the digital processing unit, which thenprocesses the data into information that can be stored, analyzed, andcommunicated, including, for example, at least one resultinginstruction. The electronics module provides the at least one resultinginstruction to the programmable microprocessor. In some aspects, the oneor more microcantilevers can be a nanocantilever with nanoscalecomponents. The one or more microcantilevers and/or nanocantilevers canbe arranged into arrays. Both microcantilevers and nanocantilevers canfind utility in microelectomechnical systems (MEMS) and/ornanoelectomechnical systems (NEMS).

The one or more sensors for sensing analytes can include a field effecttransistor (FET) based biosensor. In this aspect, interaction of one ormore analytes with one or more binding elements of the sensor induces anelectrical change that is detected by the transistor. See, e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 7,303,875, which is incorporated herein by reference. Thesignal is processed by the electronics module into at least oneresulting instruction. The electronics module provides the at least oneresulting instruction to the programmable microprocessor.

The one or more sensors for sensing one or more analytes can incorporateelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedancespectroscopy can be used to measure impedance across a natural and/orartificial lipid bilayer. The sensor can incorporate an artificialbilayer that is tethered to the surface of a solid electrode. One ormore receptor can be embedded into the lipid bilayer. The one or morereceptors can be ion channels that open and close in response to bindingof a specific analyte. The open and closed states can be quantitativelymeasured as changes in impedance across the lipid bilayer. The changesin impedance measured and transmitted as data by a transducer. See,e.g., Yang, et al., IEEE SENSORS 2006, EXCO, Daegu, Korea/Oct. 22-25,2006, which is incorporated herein by reference. The signal is processedby the electronics module into at least one resulting instruction. Theelectronics module provides the at least one resulting instruction tothe programmable microprocessor.

The one or more sensors can include cells with binding molecules thatinduce a measurable or detectable change in the cells, e.g., aluminescent signal, when bound to analytes. For example, one can use abioluminescent bioreporter integrated circuit in which binding of ananalyte to an engineered cell induces expression of a reporterpolypeptide linked to a luminescent response. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,673,596; Durick & Negulescu Biosens. Bioelectron. 16: 587-592, 2001,each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, theone or more cell can be engineered to emit an electrical signal inresponse to interacting with one or more analytes. In a further aspect,an implantable biosensor can include genetically modified cells thatrespond to binding analytes by emitting a measurable electrical signalin response to one or more intracellular second messenger molecules thatin turn modulate the activity of one or more ion channels in thegenetically modified cells. The genetically modified cells act as animplantable biosensor that can be coupled via an electrical or opticalinterface to electronics module that processes the signal into at leastone resulting instruction and provides the at least one resultinginstruction to a programmable microprocessor. See U.S. PatentApplication 2006/0234369 A1; which is incorporated herein by reference.In another aspect, a biosensor can include a microbial biosensor. Forexample, a microbial biosensor and an oxygen electrode can be used tosense free fatty acid. See, e.g., Schmidt, et al., BiosensorsBioelectronics 11: 1139-1145, 1996, which is incorporated herein byreference.

The one or more sensors can be configured to include an assembly for invivo microdialysis. In vivo microdialysis allows for continuous samplingfrom the interstitial fluid of a tissue with minimal influence onsurrounding tissues and/or whole body function. A microdialysis probecan be inserted into a tissue of interest, and perfused at a constantflow rate with a physiological buffer, e.g., saline. The tip of theprobe consists of a semi-permeable membrane through which compounds inthe interstitial fluid of the tissue can diffuse and subsequently besampled from the outlet tubing of the probe.

The one or more sensors can include one or more temperature sensorsconfigured to measure temperature in one or more tissues. Thetemperature sensor can be a thermistor, a thermocouple, or a resistivetemperature detector. In an aspect, the temperature sensor is anintegral component of a self-contained, fully ingestible device.

The one or more sensors can include one or more sensors that arecalorimeters configured to measure caloric intake and/or energyexpenditure. In an aspect, the one or more calorimeter can include anindirect calorimeter configured to assess the physical activity of thesubject by periodically monitoring heart rate, body temperature, skinresistance, motion/acceleration sensing, velocity and providing anestimate of caloric intake/energy expenditure. The indirect calorimetercan include one or more of a temperature sensor, a heart rate sensor, anaccelerometer, a global positioning system, or a combination thereof.See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application 2009/0240113, which is incorporatedherein by reference. An example of a wireless patch system configuredfor estimating energy expenditure has been described and includessensors, electrodes, and accelerometers. This system measures a varietyof physiological conditions including temperature, heart rate,respiratory rate, and skin conductivity and uses this information in analgorithm to calculate the number of calories consumed, the number ofcalories burned, and the net yield. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application2010/0049004, which is incorporated herein by reference. Other examplesof calorie counters based on activity measurements have been described.See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,100,401; 4,159,416; 5,815,954; and7,334,472, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Othermeans for performing calorimetry include, but are not limited to, theHaldane gravimetric method, open-circuit calorimeter with mask,spirographic method, assessment of heat loss and oxygen consumption.

The one or more sensors of the device can be configured to send dataregarding a physiological condition in the subject to the programmablemicroprocessor of the device or to a electronics module operablyconnected to the programmable microprocessor. Conversely, theelectronics module can be configured to instruct the one or more sensorsto collect and transmit data or other information regarding one or morephysiological conditions or indicators thereof at specified regularintervals and/or when triggered by sensed events or by initiation ofparticular device activity. The device may further include informationstorage. For example, measurement of one or more physiological conditionmay be collected and stored at specified times on a daily basis with anassociated time stamp. More than one physiological condition may bemeasured simultaneously and associated with one another duringprocessing. For example, measurement of temperature, or a localizedtemperature of an associated nerve tissue or circulatory tissue, can beassessed at the same time as measurement of blood glucose levels. Atemperature measurement can also be triggered by other sensor activitysuch as when a measured exertion level reaches a specified limit valueor immediately following caloric intake.

Smart Pill 20 and Associated Encrypted Network 100

As mentioned previously and as shown in FIG. 1, the smart pill 20 itselfis a self-contained electronic device comprising onboard sensors 22,bio-active substance modules (e.g., a MEMS drug delivery system) 24, anelectronics module 26 and a power source (e.g., battery) 28. Theelectronics module 26 comprises a micrcoprocessor (e.g., a microcontroller) 26A, memory (e.g., flash memory, OTP-one time programmablememory, etc.) 26B, and wireless communication capabilities (e.g., atransponder) 26C having an antenna 26D. By way of example only, thesmart pill 20 is implemented on a printed flex circuit 30 (see FIGS.2A-2B) in which the antenna 26D is embedded therein. This flex circuit30 is then rolled and formed into a capsule configuration, as shown mostclearly in FIG. 2B. The smart pill 20 can also be implemented as asystem-in-package (SiP) that can take several configurations (e.g., theform of a rolled printed flex board, etc.).

The devices that can communicate with the pill 20 are called programmingterminals 27 which are linked to a central database 29 (via a wirelessinterface 29A) using a protected wireless encrypted network 100 (FIG.1). In particular, the programming terminals 27 are wireless devicesthat the patient and the healthcare provider (e.g., pharmacist,physician, pill manufacturer) use to communicate with the pill 20. Thedevice 27A is used by the patient and may comprise a smartphonesupporting a secure software application for communicating with the pillto verify that the patient about to ingest the pill is the properpatient. The “app” on the device 27A is specifically configured andlimited to patient-pill communication; thus, the patient is not enabledto alter the pill software other than to upload proper patient IDthereto. On the other hand, the device 27B is used by the healthcareprovider and may also comprise a smartphone supporting a secure softwareapplication that provides the authorized healthcare provider with theability to program the pill 20 to dispense API in accordance withphysician prescription for the designated patient. It should be notedthat the use of the phrase “patient interface device” or “patient levelterminal” or “programming device” are directed to the devices 27,whether it be operated by the patient or by the healthcare provider. Itshould be further noted that the pill-to-pill communication (e.g., wheningested-see FIG. 9) is also part of this wireless encrypted network100. The central database 29 stores, e.g., all the relevant pillinformation, tracks and enables its uses at all levels from manufacturerto patient, makes possible expiring date tracking and preventsunauthorized use of the pills. The smart pill comprises e.g., a printedflex circuit contain the micro controller with Flash memory, sensors,One Time Programmable memory, wireless communication and antenna,wrapped around drug compartment, e.g., MEMS pump, and battery.

An alternative to the pill's API dispensing mechanism may comprise theuse of an electrolytic actuator, as shown most clearly in FIGS. 2C-2E.In particular, the pill comprises an electrolytic actuator 40 having anoperative end 40A comprising an elastic membrane. In the pill's 20initial state (FIG. 2C), the membrane 40A is separated from the API by avacuum 41. When commanded by the microprocessor 26A, the electrolyticactuator 40 causes the elastic membrane to inflate/expand, therebyseparating the pill's 20 capsule compartments 20A/20B to permit thedispensing of the API, as shown in FIG. 2D. Furthermore, an alternativeto having the pill components 20A/20B separate upon actuator activation,an internal hinge 42 may be provided to keep these components 20A/20Bconnected while permitting dispensing of the API.

Multilevel Security System

The multilevel security system is implemented at pill level, e.g., as aset of flags than can be raised (enabled) with certain commands and onlyin sequence (for the first twelve flags). The delivery system of theactive ingredient is triggered if and only if the configuration of theflags is the pre-defined one. Moreover the configuration of the flagscan be modified only in sequence, one at a time.

The pill security system works, e.g., like a Yale locking system whereeach security flag F acts like a mechanical pin, preventing theactivation (key turn) of the drug delivery system. Moreover, themodification of a security flag is possible only if the previous flags(i.e. the higher activation levels) are correctly configured.

The following flags (implemented as bit level variables are envisaged):

F0: Pill terminated

F1: Pill enabled by the drug manufacturer

F2: Pill enabled by the pharmacists.

F3: Timer for controlling prescription due date started: e.g., a generic30 days (or 60 days). In the first version could be disabled.

F3B: Pill enabled at user level. It will be used in the futureapplications, for the moment just reserved.

F4: Pill is ingested [status]. In the simple way is decided if thetemperature is over 36° C. for at least ten minutes. For the complexsystem is a decision based on the readings from different sensors.

F5-F8: Reserved for different triggers connected to various measurementsthat the pill will be able to perform.

F8-F11: Reserved for counting the pills in case of multiple pill dosage(further developments).

F12: No other pill detected used for one pill dose.

F13-F15: Counter for command authentication errors. It prevents bruteforce attacks on the pill, disabling it after a predefined number of nonauthenticated attempts of communications.

Pill Command Security System

The pill security system is e.g., implemented via One Time Programming(OTP) of silicon. In certain embodiments, it may comprise the followingcomponents:

PID: The pill has a unique ID (e.g., 16 ANSI alphanumeric charactersshould be enough) S1: Shared secret: Cryptographic key programmed in thesilicon. AS1: authentication system using public challenge P1, expectedresult R1 and method of computing M1.

The pill, presented with the pairs (P1, R1) uses the method M1 (forexample symmetrical key algorithm for a good security, or pre-programmedrandom lookup table for a simpler one) and the secret seed S1 to computethe result of encryption of P1. If the result matches R1, the pair is alegitimate challenge and can authenticate the execution of oneinstruction. The authentication errors are used to increase the F13-F15counter. The initial value of the F13-F15 can be pre-set thus settingthe threshold for errors after which the pill considers that thecommunications attempts are only tampering tentatives. See FIG. 3.

The communication with the pill is not encrypted in order to have fastercommunication and enable emergency commands (see “Emergency overdosesystem”).

Pill to Pill Communication

A peer communication system (FIG. 4) using already existing systems willbe implemented using a standard like ZigBee. ZigBee is a standard forcommunications that can be used to build M2M networks using small, lowpower, low cost battery operated digital radios. It is designed to workin harsh environments and is encrypted using a 128 Bit AES key. TheZigBee natively supports both star and tree networks, and generic Meshnetworking. Using tree and mesh networks the coverage and communicationdistances can be dramatically extended allowing full warehouse coverage.It is a low power alternative to WiFi and Bluetooth connections.

In order to have a lighter and more energetic efficient communicationone can use the EnOcean or even MyriaNed. MyriaNed is basically aself-organizing, “gossiping” Wireless Sensor Network. “An arbitrary nodewill broadcast a new message into the network. In general this will beinitiated by a new sensor reading. This message will reach a number ofnodes, but not all. Because the nodes also re-sent the receivedinformation, the information is spread through the network, andeventually the message is “known” by every node in the network. Epidemicmessage flooding through the network [is] called gossiping. Every nodewill have this ‘behaviour’, so at any time, every node is familiar withthe state of all other nodes in the network, hence the state of the(distributed) system. This is called a shared state, which reflects theenvironmental situation that the network is in. So the system issituational aware. Applications of the net as substitute for RFID arealso provided.

All of the above technologies offer layer five networking abstraction(net protocol). The smart pill system may comprise, e.g., a simplerlayer 5 should be developed, or even use directly layer 4.

Terminal to Pill Communication

The terminal to pill is a point to point communication, thus requiring amuch simpler system. The smart pills may comprise, e.g., two systems: apassive point to point, derived from, e.g., NFC/RFID standards, and amore complex Pill to Pill as indicated above which is activated onlyafter ingestion, reducing the level of energy consumption during thepill lifetime. They are not necessary in the first of pills, but areenvisaged for the following ones. All choices of networks presentedallow the reading in any moment of the ingested pill unique ID (PID—seebelow) and thus the possibility to find during an emergency if pillswere ingested and their type. (See FIGS. 5-9).

Set of Instructions

In order to make the system safer only a [very] reduced number ofcommands are allowed:

get PID: returns pill's PID.

enable F1, F2, F3 or F4 (P1,R1): enables the flags and starts the timer.Returns the operation exit code.

get F13-F15 (P1,R1): returns the number stored in F13-F15. In this wayone can asses if the pill was subject to tampering or is disabled due totampering attempts.

During the trial period there will be one more command:

get status (P1,R1): returns the status of all variables in the pill forenabling debug.

Command Authentication System

The “supplier/manufacturer” has a database with all the pills,univocally connecting PID, S1, M1, and all dug related data (type,batch, date, dosage etc.). When requested to supply an authenticationchallenge-response (P1,R1) it generates a random P1 and computes R1using M1. It then supplies this pair over the delivery encrypted networkthat it used to give a command to the pill. The command exit isregistered in the database, along with other information likeprogramming terminal ID, patient terminal ID, pill status etc.

Communication/authentication network

The network is composed by the main database and programming terminals.The function and encryption is somewhat similar to the same to POS paycard terminals/network and includes:

-   -   terminal authentication (TERM ID)    -   encrypted communication channel    -   terminal physical anti tamper        Emergency Overdose System

Furthermore, when the smart pill 20 is ready for delivery (e.g., duringan arbitrary defined interval), it is able to receive an emergency killcommand which overrides all the security levels. This can happen only toa smart pill 20 that has passed the overdose protection system. As aresult, the flag F0 changes to disable.

Alternative Protocol for Avoiding Inadvertent and Intentional Overdosing

As mentioned previously, FIG. 9 provides smart pill 20 (also referred toas “capsule”) communication that designates the earliest ingested smartpill 20 as a “master” whose API is dispensed properly and allsubsequently ingested smart pills 20 are identified in the time sequenceof ingestion. With one smart pill 20 identified as the “master,” all ofthe subsequent smart pills 20 are prevented from dispensing any furtherAPI, thereby preventing inadvertent as well as intentional overdosing.If the proper passage of time occurs following the proper dispensing ofAPI from the “master” smart pill 20, the next-in-time ingested smartpill 20 becomes the “master” and is provided with the time sequence ofingestion data of subsequent smart pills 20 from the previous outgoingmaster smart pill 20.

It should be further understood that the identity of the healthcareprovider that prepares/programs the smart pill (viz., see first twoblocks in FIG. 9) must be included in the smart pill's 20 internalstored data, as well as any serial number from the smart pillmanufacturer. This aspect of the smart pill configuration thus preventscounterfeiting since the smart pill's 20 source identity and prepareridentity are memorialized within the smart pill 20 memory from itsinception. Furthermore, this identity data cannot be manipulated orchanged without the proper authorization. This is one of the purposes ofthe OTP memory, discussed previously, namely, to store initial criticalpill data (e.g., source data including pill serial number, etc.) thatcannot be erased, re-programmed, tampered with and/or modified, therebypreserving the provenance of the pill and preventing any counterfeitingof it.

Smart Pill Drug Delivery System

The smart pill drug delivery system may comprise an electrolytical pump,as used in opthalmological procedures. As shown most clearly in FIGS.10A-10C, the pump displaces APIs (e.g., liquids, powders, etc.) bycreating pressure through a volume increase due to gas creation throughelectrolysis of water. If required, the pressure system pushes a“piston” that effectively empties the pill's active ingredientcompartment. The flow through a minute pipe is further controlled by avalve that, when closed, also blocks access of foreign liquid inside thesmart pill 20. Furthermore, this drug delivery system can be used todose the quantity of drug released or even establish a “neutralizer”release system by means of a secondary delivery system in the smart pill20. An alternative embodiment may comprise a micro-mechanical actuatorthat slides a “cover” over the active ingredient. A further alternativemay comprise, as shown in FIGS. 2C-2E, a self-contained electronic smartpill having the pill compartments 20A/20B that are held together byvacuum; to release the API, the electrolytic pump is activated,generating the gas that inflates the membrane and reduces the vacuumresulting in the components disengaging or remaining connected.

Treatment

The ingestible drug delivery device can be used in a method for treatinga disorder in a vertebrate subject. The method can include releasing atleast one bioactive substance to one or more tissues of the vertebratesubject with one or more bioactive substance module and/or deactivationmodules, wherein the one or more bioactive substance module and/ordeactivation modules are configured to release substance, andcontrolling the one or more bioactive substance module and/ordeactivation modules with a programmable microprocessor configured toprovide instructions to the one or more bioactive substance moduleand/or deactivation modules in response to information regarding one ormore physiological conditions of the vertebrate subject. The method canfurther include providing one or more medicaments in combination withapplying the device configured to release bioactive substance for thetreatment of a disorder.

The method for treating a disorder in a subject can further includeproviding the ingestible drug delivery device as described hereincomprising one or more medicaments configured to treat a disorder. Themedicaments can include one or more medicaments for the treatment ofveterinary and human conditions.

The method for treating a disorder in a subject can further includeproviding the ingestible drug delivery device as described hereinwherein the one or more sensors may be configured to provide data to theelectronics module and/or the programmable microprocessor regarding theplasma, blood, and/or tissue levels of bioactive substance. Theprogrammable microprocessor may be configured to respond to the datareceived from the sensors by adjusting the one or more bioactivesubstance module and/or deactivation modules to appropriately releaseand/or not release the bioactive substance and/or deactivation substancein order to titrate, for example, blood and/or or plasma concentration,to for example, treat a condition or prevent overdose. Alternatively orin addition, the electronics module is configured to process the datafrom the sensor and provide instructions and/or programming to theprogrammable microprocessor to adjust the one or more bioactivesubstance module and/or deactivation modules to appropriately releasethe deactivation substance to, for example, deactivate the bioactivesubstance.

The method for treating a disorder in a subject can further includeproviding the ingestible drug delivery device as described hereinwherein the ingestible drug delivery device may be configured to have a“controlled” quantity, e.g., a partial bioactive substance delivery inthe instance where a full load of bioactive substance would go over, forexample, a “threshold cutoff” blood, plasma, and/or tissue concentrationof the bioactive substance but is not high enough to provide the correctdosage until the next dosing time point.

The method for treating a disorder in a subject can further includeproviding the ingestible drug delivery device as described hereinwherein the ingestible drug delivery device may be configured to monitorthe dosage prescribed by the health care provider for the diagnosedcondition and it's effectivity with treating the particular symptom. Forexample, establishing two cutoff levels for pain sensing/alleviation andif the dosing is insufficient for the management for the amount of painthis information could be communicated back to the health care providerfor an adjustment in the dosage and/or a change in the medicamentselected.

Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonists

Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists bind to the receptor and preventglucocorticoid receptor agonists from binding and eliciting GR mediatedevents, including transcription. RU486 is an example of a non-selectiveglucocorticoid receptor antagonist.

Compounds having high glucocorticoid receptor binding affinity and, inaddition, high in vivo anti-glucocorticoid activity, while having, forexample, low androgenic and progestagenic activities are disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 6,011,025, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. ORG 34517 is an example of a compound with high glucocorticoidreceptor binding affinity while having low androgenic and progestagenicactivities. Therapeutic compositions and methods using ORG 34517 aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,986,677, incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

It has been found that 11-(substituted phenyl)-estra-4,9-dienederivatives of formula I

wherein

A is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring containing 2 heteroatoms whichare not connected to each other and independently selected from O and S,the ring being optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms, orA is a residue of a 5- or 6-membered ring wherein no double C—C bondsare present, containing 1 heteroatom selected from O and S, whichheteroatom is connected to the phenyl group at the position indicatedwith an asterisk, the ring being optionally substituted with one or morehalogen atoms; R1 is H or 1-oxo(1-4C)alkyl; R2 is H, (1-8C)alkyl,halogen or CF3; X is selected from (H,OH), O, and NOH; and theinterrupted line represents an optional bond, show specific and highglucocorticoid receptor binding affinity and are highly active in vivoshowing predominant anti-glucocorticoid activity.

The compounds lack appreciable affinity for mineralocorticoid,progesterone, estrogen and androgen receptors, indicating a clean sideeffect profile.

The 11-(substituted phenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives of the inventioncan be used in the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid dependentdiseases or symptoms, like Cushing syndrome, diabetes, glaucoma, sleepdisturbances, depression, anxiety, atherosclerosis, hypertension,adiposity, osteoporosis and withdrawal symptoms from narcotics and theirmixtures. It should be noted that U.S. Pat. No. 8,986,677 isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Preferred compounds according to this invention are 11-(substitutedphenyl) estra-4,9-diene derivatives, wherein the heteroatom(s) are (is)O, the 5- or 6-membered ring being optionally substituted with one ormore fluorine atoms; R1 is H; and X is O or NOH.

More preferred compounds are 11-(substituted phenyl) estra-4,9-dienederivatives wherein A is a residue of a 5-membered ring. Particularlypreferred are 11-(substituted phenyl) estra-4,9-diene derivativeswherein A contains 2 heteroatoms being O.

Especially preferred are 11-(substituted phenyl) estra-4,9-dienederivatives wherein R2 is methyl and the interrupted line represents abond.

The most preferred compound is(11β,17β)-11-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-17-hydroxy-17-(1-propynyl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one (ORG 34517).

The term halogen means a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.Fluorine is the preferred halogen in ring A and when R2 is halogen,chlorine is preferred.

The terms (1-4C)alkyl and (1-8C)alkyl, as used in the definitions of R1and R2, respectively, mean alkyl groups having 1-4 and 1-8 carbon atoms,respectively, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, octyl.

The 11-(substituted phenyl)-estra-4,9-diene derivatives according to thepresent invention can be prepared by a process wherein a compound offormula II

wherein A, R2 and the interrupted line have the meanings as previouslydefined, R1 is H, and P is a protected keto-group, is dehydrated anddeprotected, after which the 17β-OH is optionally esterified by reactionwith an appropriate carboxylic acid to give a derivative wherein R1 is1-oxo(1-4C)alkyl, and optionally the 3-oxo group is converted into thecorresponding 3-hydroxy- or 3-oxime derivative. The 3-oxo group can bereduced to form the 3-hydroxy-derivative by using a suitable reducingagent, such as sodium borohydride. The 3-oxime derivatives can beprepared by hydroxylamine treatment in a suitable solvent, likepyridine.

The derivatives of formula II may be prepared according to well knownmethods described and used for the preparation of steroids.

A suitable process for the preparation of derivatives of formula IIstarts from estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione. Selective reduction of the17-keto group to 17β-OH, 17α-H, e.g. with sodium borohydride, followedby protection of the 3-keto group, e.g., by ketalisation withethyleneglycol, triethylorthoformate and p-toluenesulfonic acid, andoxidation of the 17-hydroxy group, e.g. with pyridinium chlorochromate,provides the 3-ketoprotected estra-5(10),9(11)-diene-3,17-dione.Alkynylation at the 17-position (yielding a 17α-alkynyl, 17β-OHderivative), followed by epoxidation of the 5(10) double bond, e.g. withhydrogen peroxide, trifluoroacetophenone, and pyridine indichloromethane according to the method as disclosed in European patentapplication EP 0 298 020, provides the 3-ketoprotected5α,10α-epoxy-17α-alkynyl-17β-hydroxy-estr-9(11)-ene-3-one.

Subsequently, compounds of formula II are formed from this epoxidederivative, for example by reaction with an organometallic compound ofthe formula

wherein X is a (alkali)metal, like lithium, or a magnesiumhalide,preferably magnesium bromide.

Suitable protective groups and methods to remove these groups are knownin the art, for example from T. W. Green: Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis (Wiley, N Y, 1981). Particularly suitable protective groupsfor the protection of keto groups are acetals, e.g. 1,2-ethylene ketal.

The specificity of ORG 34517 for GR blockade, without significantcross-binding to other related steroidal hormone receptors (such asthose for estrogen and progesterone), eliminates the likelihood ofsignificant toxicities and side effects. Indeed, none were identified inall the substantial phase I and phase II clinical trials that alreadyhave been performed with the compound. Because the drug is envisioned asbeing used in limited dosing over time, coordinated with theintermittent dosing strategies typical for chemotherapeutic agents, theGR blockade also would not lead to significant alteration of HPA-axisfunctioning, with rapid restitution of the HPA-axis to baselinefollowing dosing.

Combination Therapy

Compositions and methods for treating GC-responsive conditions,including for example, the prevention or addiction induced anxiety andwithdrawal side effects as a therapeutic, for wound healing andtransplants, for the prevention or treatment of stress inducedosteoporosis and for the rapid healing of bone related injuries, andregenerative therapy, in a subject are provided by the presentinvention.

Methods of treating a GC-responsive condition in a subject are providedaccording to embodiments of the present invention which includesadministering, the ingestible drug delivery device of the inventioncomprising, e.g., in combination, a GR antagonist and at least oneadditional therapeutic agent as set forth herein. The phrase“administering in combination” as used herein refers to any form ofadministration of one or more GR antagonists and at least one additionaltherapeutic agent as set forth herein.

Addiction and Withdrawal

The present invention relates to methods of and compositions fortreating and relieving symptoms associated with substance abuse andwithdrawal. The present invention relates to methods of and compositionsfor treating addiction to, for example, alcohol, drugs, caffeine, sugar,food, nicotine, opiates, and/or marijuana, etc.

Treatment of addiction to prescription medications (e.g., narcotics suchas oxycodone, oxycontin, Vicodin), particularly when their use isinitiated for the treatment of acute or chronic pain syndromes, can bedifficult. Not only is there significant withdrawal following chronicuse, but the risk of relapse is significantly increased by the clinicalneed for continued use.

Substance addiction and abuse is a multi-factorial neurological disease.Over time, repeated exposure to various substances, both endogenous andexogenous, causes modification of the neurotransmission circuits andadaptations in post-receptor signaling cascades. There are severaleffects of this neuronal modification. Among them, there is a reductionin the ability of natural rewards to activate the reward pathwaysleading to depressed motivation and mood and an increased compulsion tocompensate for the physiological change.

While the common perception underlying addiction is that of a “rewardcircuit”, pleasure may not necessarily be a strong enough impetus todrive people towards their addictions. Rather, addictive behavior arisesfrom an intense desire to manage and/or avoid the anxiety that ariseswhen someone is experiencing withdrawal.

Traditional treatments for substance dependency, such as benzodiazepineabuse, have been based upon cognitive-behavioral therapy or drugtherapy, or a combination thereof. Conventional methods of treatmentfail, however, in that they do not address the physiochemical changesthat occur with addiction and dependence. Thus, conventional treatmentsfor controlling withdrawal symptoms and cravings for addictivesubstances have had limited success and often have undesirable sideeffects.

What is therefore needed are improved methods of, and compositionsand/or devices for preventing addiction to, and physiological dependenceupon addictive substances. What is also needed is an improved treatmentmethodology for controlling cravings and withdrawal symptoms caused bysubstance abuse.

Accordingly, the invention provides methods of, and compositions and/oringestible devices for, preventing addiction to, and physiologicaldependence upon addictive substances. Also provided are methods of andcompositions for an improved treatment methodology for controllingcravings and withdrawal symptoms caused by substance abuse.

The present invention relates to the use of, for example, ingestibledrug delivery device of the invention comprising, e.g., cortisolblockers (glucocorticoid receptor [GR] antagonists) for the preventionor addiction induced anxiety and withdrawal side effects as atherapeutic and in concert with a diagnostic.

The ingestible drug delivery device of the invention may be administeredorally. The ingestible drug delivery device of the invention maycomprise, e.g. an active pharmaceutical ingredient in combination withpharmaceutically suitable auxiliaries, e.g. as described in the standardreference, Gennaro et al., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. By meansof pharmaceutically suitable liquids the compounds can also be appliedin the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, e.g. for use in an theingestible drug delivery device of the invention.

Suitable carriers with which the compositions can be administeredinclude lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives and the like, or mixturesthereof, used in suitable amounts.

The present invention reflects the role of endogenous glucocorticoids(GCs) in withdrawal from substances of abuse and addictive substances(hereafter referred to as “drug” or “drugs”, inclusive of, but notrestricted to, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine (including crackcocaine), cannabis, amphetamines (including crystal methamphetamine),opiates and opiate analogues (including heroine, oxycodone, hydrocodone,hydromorphone, methadone), dextromethorphan, benzodiazepines, ecstacy(MDMA), GHB, barbiturates, khat, kratom, PCP, LSD, ketamine, peyote,mescaline, psilocybin, rohypnol, Salvia divinorum, antidepressants,anti-anxiety 5 medications, sleep aids, allergy medications.

Combination treatments of withdrawal from narcotics and subsequentprevention of relapse of, e.g., narcotic use can be accomplished by:

1. treatment with ORG34517 prior to, or at time of withdrawal ofnarcotic, preventing symptoms of withdrawal (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.8,986,677, which is incorporated by reference herein);

followed by:

2. restoration of narcotic use using “smart pill” encapsulation ofprescription narcotic, to establish:

-   -   a. new baseline dose for treatment of pain syndromes    -   b. prevent self medication with higher doses    -   c. prevention of overdose    -   d. tracking of narcotics in case of loss/theft/illegal transfer        using “smart pill” encoding of intended patient, intended dose,        and loading pharmacist and pharmacy.

Increased circulating levels of GCs may relate to direct elevatingeffects of substances of abuse or from stress-associated GC elevationsin response to neuropsychiatric and physical stresses of withdrawal.

The present invention relates to using the ingestible drug deliverydevice of the invention in a method of co-administration of a selectiveGC receptor antagonist, such as ORG34517 administered during the activeintoxication phase of drug use, prior to drug use, or after cessation ofdrug use to reduce neuropsychiatric and physical symptoms of withdrawal,such as anxiety, hallucinations, dysphoria, depression, deliriumtremens, chills, shakes, tremors, akathisia, restlessness, restless legsyndrome, musculoskeletal aches and pains, cramping, chills, weakness,using the ingestible drug delivery device of the invention.

The present invention relates to single dose of GC receptor antagonistor sustained administration of GC receptor antagonist for hours, days,weeks, or months for prevention of and/or treatment of symptoms of drugwithdrawal using the ingestible drug delivery device of the invention.

The ingestible drug delivery device of the invention may be designed forco-administration with anti-anxiety drugs and anti-depressant drugs tobetter control sporadic episodes, flare-ups of anxiety or depression.The invention provides regular co-administration of the ingestible drugdelivery device of the invention with anti-anxiety and/oranti-depressant drugs using the ingestible drug delivery device of theinvention.

The present invention may also be used in concert with a diagnostic (forexample, a diagnostic test using saliva, blood, plasma, serum, urine ortears as substrate) for the specific constituent i.e.: alcohol, cocaine,caffeine, nicotine, etc. to monitor the specific level of saidconstituent in the individual to prevent from occurrences of anxiety andwithdrawals.

The present invention may also be used in concert with a diagnostic (forexample, a diagnostic test using saliva, blood, plasma, serum, urine ortears as substrate) for cortisol to determine which individuals haveelevated circulating cortisol or dysregulated cortisol and may thereforebe most likely to benefit from administration of GC receptor antagonist.

The present invention may be packaged for use alone, as a single dose(by prescription or over the counter), as a limited number of timeddoses in packaging designed to specifically guide self-administration,and in combination with drug or cortisol diagnostic test (using saliva,blood, plasma, serum, urine or tears as substrate) forself-administration or administration by health care professional ortechnician.

Bioactive Substances

The ingestible drug delivery device of the invention may comprise one ormore bioactive substances. The bioactive substance may include activecompounds, and compounds for veterinary and human use, such as but notlimited to: pharmaceutical actives, nutriceuticals, cosmeceuticals,cosmetics, complementary medicines, natural products, foods, vitamins,nutrients, biologics, amino acids, proteins, peptides, nucleotides, andnucleic acids. In a preferred form the bioactive substance is adaptedfor oral administration.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the bioactive substance isan organic compound. In a highly preferred embodiment of the invention,the bioactive substance is an organic, therapeutically active compoundfor human use. In another embodiment of the present invention, thebioactive substance is an inorganic compound. When the biological activematerial is a drug, it can be of a neutral species, basic or acidic aswell as salts of an acid or base. This invention is not limited to anydrug specific class, application type, chemical type or functiongrouping.

The bioactive substance is ordinarily an agent for which one of skill inthe art desires improved fast dissolution for oral administration. Thebioactive substance may be a conventional active agent or drug.

The ingestible drug delivery device of the invention can be configuredfor the delivery of liquid, semi-liquid or solid forms of drug or allthree. Solid forms of drug can include both powder or pellet. Semiliquid can include a slurry or paste. The drug can be contained within acavity of the capsule, or in the case of the liquid or semi-liquid,within an enclosed reservoir. In some embodiments, the capsule caninclude a first second, or a third drug (or more). Such drugs can becontained within the tissue penetrating member lumen (in the case ofsolids or powder) or in separate reservoirs within the capsule body. Thebioactive substance may be in a powder, liquid, and/or gel

The ingestible drug delivery device of the invention may comprisepharmaceutical compositions comprising a bioactive substance which maycomprise at least one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (API),as well as optionally, also include one or more excipients. Excipientsinclude physiologically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles,collectively referred to as carriers. The compositions can be formulatedin solid, gel, powder, or liquid form.

Excipients can include one or more binding agents, filling agents,lubricating agents, suspending agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents,preservatives, buffers, wetting agents, disintegrants, effervescentagents and other excipients. Such excipients are known in the art.Examples of filling agents include lactose monohydrate, lactoseanhydrous, microcrystalline cellulose, such as Avicel® PH101 and Avicel®PH102, microcrystalline cellulose and silicified microcrystallinecellulose (ProSolv SMCC®), and various starches; examples of bindingagents are various celluloses and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone.Suitable lubricants, including agents that act on the flowability of thepowder to be compressed, include colloidal silicon dioxide, such asAerosil® 200, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearateand silica gel. Sweeteners can be any natural or artificial sweetener,such as, for example, sucrose, xylitol, sodium saccharin, cyclamate,aspartame, sucralose, maltitol and acsulfame. Examples of flavoringagents include Magnasweet® (trademark of MAFCO), bubble gum flavor, andfruit flavors, and the like. Examples of preservatives include potassiumsorbate, methylparaben, propylparaben, benzoic acid and its salts, otheresters of parahydroxybenzoic acid, such as butylparaben; alcohols, suchas ethyl or benzyl alcohol. Suitable diluents include pharmaceuticallyacceptable inert fillers, such as microcrystalline cellulose, lactose,dibasic calcium phosphate, saccharides and/or mixtures of any of theforegoing. Examples of diluents include microcrystalline cellulose, suchas Avicel® PH101 and Avicel® PH1 02; lactose, such as lactosemonohydrate, lactose anhydrous, and Pharmatose® DCL21; dibasic calciumphosphate, such as Emcompress®; mannitol; starch; sorbitol; sucrose; andglucose. Suitable disintegrants include lightly crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, corn starch, potato starch, maize starch, and modifiedstarches, croscarmellose sodium, cross-povidone, sodium starch glycolateand mixtures thereof. Examples of effervescent agents are effervescentcouples, such as an organic acid and a carbonate or bicarbonate.Suitable organic acids include, e.g., citric, tartaric, malic, fumaric,adipic, succinic and alginic acids and anhydrides and acid salts.Suitable carbonates and bicarbonates include, e.g., sodium carbonate,sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate,magnesium carbonate, sodium glycine carbonate, L-lysine carbonate andarginine carbonate. Alternatively, only the sodium bicarbonate componentof the effervescent couple may be present.

The ingestible drug delivery device of the invention may comprisepharmaceutical compositions of the bioactive agents which may compriseat least one or more of the following: (a) one or more inert excipients(or carriers), such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate; (b)fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose,mannitol and silicic acid; (c) binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose,alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and acacia; (d)humectants, such as glycerol; (e) disintegrating agents, such ascross-linked starches, polyvinylpyrrolidone XL, agar-agar, calciumcarbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain complexsilicates and sodium carbonate; (f) solution retarders, such asparaffin; (g) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammoniumcompounds; (h) wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and glycerolmonostearate; (i) adsorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite; and (j)lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solidpolyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate or mixtures thereof. Forcapsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprisebuffering agents.

Liquid forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptableemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition, theliquid dosage forms may include excipients such as inert diluentscommonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, co-solvents,solubilizing agents and emulsifiers. Non-limiting examples of solventsand co-solvents include ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate,propyleneglycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, dimethylformamide, oils, such ascottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil, andsesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and dimethylisosorbide, polyethyleneglycols, fatty acid esters of sorbitan, ormixtures of these substances, and the like. The composition can alsoinclude adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspendingagents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents. Liquid formulationscan also be prepared by dissolving or suspending one or the combinationof Bioactive substances in a conventional liquid vehicle acceptable forpharmaceutical administration so as to provide the desired dosage in oneto four teaspoonful.

Dosage forms can be administered to the patient on a regimen of, forexample, one, two, three, four, five, six, or other doses per day

In order to more finely regulate the dosage schedule, the activesubstances may be administered separately in individual dosage units atthe same time or carefully coordinated times. Since blood levels arebuilt up and maintained by a regulated schedule of administration, thesame result is achieved by the simultaneous presence of the twosubstances. The respective substances can be individually formulated inseparate unit dosage forms in a manner similar to that described above.

In formulating the compositions, the active substances, in the amountsdescribed above, may be compounded according to accepted pharmaceuticalpractice with a physiologically acceptable vehicle, carrier, excipient,binder, preservative, stabilizer, flavor, etc., in the particular typeof unit dosage form.

Illustrative of the adjuvants which may be incorporated in the bioactivesubstance composition are the following: a binder such as gumtragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; an excipient such asdicalcium phosphate or cellulose; a disintegrating agent such as cornstarch, potato starch, alginic acid or the like; a lubricant such asstearic acid or magnesium stearate; a sweetening agent such as sucrose,aspartame, lactose or saccharin; a flavoring agent such as orange,peppermint, oil of wintergreen or cherry. When the dosage unit form is acapsule, it may contain in addition to materials of the above type aliquid carrier such as a fatty oil. Various other materials may bepresent as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of thedosage unit. For instance, tablets or capsules may be coated withshellac, sugar or both. A syrup of elixir may contain the activecompound, water, alcohol or the like as the carrier, glycerol assolubilizer, sucrose as sweetening agent, methyl and propyl parabens aspreservatives, a dye and a flavoring such as cherry or orange.

Examples of bioactive substances suitable for use in the inventioninclude actives, biologics, amino acids, proteins, peptides,nucleotides, nucleic acids, and analogues, homologs and first orderderivatives thereof. The bioactive substance can be selected from avariety of known classes of drugs, including, however not limited to:anti-obesity drugs, central nervous system stimulants, carotenoids,corticosteroids, elastase inhibitors, anti-fungals, oncology therapies,anti-emetics, analgesics, cardiovascular agents, anti-inflammatoryagents, such as NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors, anthelmintics,anti-arrhythmic agents, antibiotics (including penicillins),anticoagulants, antidepressants, antidiabetic agents, antiepileptics,antihistamines, antihypertensive agents, antimuscarinic agents,antimycobacterial agents, antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressants,antithyroid agents, antiviral agents, anxiolytics, sedatives (hypnoticsand neuroleptics), astringents, alpha-adrenergic receptor blockingagents, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, blood products andsubstitutes, cardiac inotropic agents, contrast media, coughsuppressants (expectorants and mucolytics), diagnostic agents,diagnostic imaging agents, diuretics, dopaminergics (anti-Parkinsonianagents), haemostatics, immunological agents, lipid regulating agents,muscle relaxants, parasympathomimetics, parathyroid calcitonin andbiphosphonates, prostaglandins, radio-pharmaceuticals, sex hormones(including steroids), anti-allergic agents, stimulants and anoretics,sympathomimetics, thyroid agents, vasodilators, and xanthines.

A description of these classes of bioactive substances and a listing ofspecies within each class can be found in Martindale's ‘The ExtraPharmacopoeia’, 31st Edition (The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1996),and the ‘Physician's Desk Reference’ (60th Ed., 2005), both specificallyincorporated by reference and familiar to those of skill in the art. Theactive agents are commercially available and/or can be prepared bytechniques known in the art.

Additionally, examples of suitable bioactive substances include, howeverare not limited to, those listed below: Analgesics and anti-inflammatoryagents: aloxiprin, auranofm, azapropazone, benorylate, diflunisal,etodolac, fenbufen, fenoprofen calcim, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen,indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, nabumetone,naproxen, oxaprozin, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, piroxicam,sulindac. Anthelmintics: albendazole, bephenium hydroxynaphthoate,cambendazole, dichlorophen, ivermectin, mebendazole, oxamniquine,oxfendazole, oxantel embonate, praziquantel, pyrantel embonate,thiabendazole. Anti-arrhythmic agents: amiodarone HCl, disopyramide,flecamide acetate, quinidine sulphate. Anti-bacterial agents:benethamine penicillin, cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin HCl, clarithromycin,clofazimine, cloxacillin, demeclocycline, doxycycline, erythromycin,ethionamide, imipenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin,spiramycin, sulphabenzamide, sulphadoxine, sulphamerazine,sulphacetamide, sulphadiazine, sulphafurazole, sulphamethoxazole,sulphapyridine, tetracycline, trimethoprim. Anti-coagulants: dicoumarol,dipyridamole, nicoumalone, phenindione. Anti-depressants: amoxapine,ciclazindol, maprotiline HCl, mianserin HCl, nortriptyline HCl,trazodone HCl, trimipramine maleate. Anti-diabetics: acetohexamide,chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, gliclazide, glipizide, tolazamide,tolbutamide. Anti-epileptics: beclamide, carbamazepine, clonazepam,ethotoin, methoin, methsuximide, methylphenobarbitone, oxcarbazepine,paramethadione, phenacemide, phenobarbitone, phenyloin, phensuximide,primidone, sulthiame, valproic acid. Anti-fungal agents: amphotericin,butoconazole nitrate, clotrimazole, econazole nitrate, fluconazole,flucytosine, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole,natamycin, nystatin, sulconazole nitrate, terbinafine HCl, terconazole,tioconazole, undecenoic acid. Anti-gout agents: allopurinol, probenecid,sulphinpyrazone. Anti-hypertensive agents: amlodipine, benidipine,darodipine, dilitazem HCl, diazoxide, felodipine, guanabenz acetate,indoramin, isradipine, minoxidil, nicardipine HCl, nifedipine,nimodipine, phenoxybenzamine HCl, prazosin HCl, reserpine, terazosinHCl. Anti-malarials: amodiaquine, chloroquine, chlorproguanil HCl,halofantrine HCl, mefloquine HCl, proguanil HCl, pyrimethamine, quininesulphate. Anti-migraine agents: dihydroergotamine mesylate, ergotaminetartrate, methysergide maleate, pizotifen maleate, sumatriptansuccinate. Anti-muscarinic agents: atropine, benzhexyl HCl, biperiden,ethopropazine HCl, hyoscine butyl bromide, hyoscyamine, mepenzolatebromide, orphenadrine, oxyphencylcimine HCl, tropicamide.Anti-neoplastic agents and immunosuppressants: aminoglutethimide,amsacrine, azathioprine, busulphan, chlorambucil, cyclosporin,dacarbazine, estramustine, etoposide, lomustine, melphalan,mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane, mitozantrone,procarbazine HCl, tamoxifen citrate, testolactone. Anti-protazoalagents: benznidazole, clioquinol, decoquinate, diiodohydroxyquinoline,diloxanide furoate, dinitolmide, furzolidone, metronidazole, nimorazole,nitrofurazone, omidazole, tinidazole. Antithyroid agents: carbimazole,propylthiouracil. Anxiolytic, sedatives, hypnotics and neuroleptics:alprazolam, amylobarbitone, barbitone, bentazepam, bromazepam,bromperidol, brotizolam, butobarbitone, carbromal, chlordiazepoxide,chlormethiazole, chlorpromazine, clobazam, clotiazepam, clozapine,diazepam, droperidol, ethinamate, flunanisone, flunitrazepam,fluopromazine, flupenthixol decanoate, fluphenazine decanoate,flurazepam, haloperidol, lorazepam, lormetazepam, medazepam,meprobamate, methaqualone, midazolam, nitrazepam, oxazepam,pentobarbitone, perphenazine pimozide, prochlorperazine, sulpiride,temazepam, thioridazine, triazolam, zopiclone. Beta-Blockers:acebutolol, alprenolol, atenolol, labetalol, metoprolol, nadolol,oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol. Cardiac Inotropic agents: aminone,digitoxin, digoxin, enoximone, lanatoside C, medigoxin. Corticosteroids:beclomethasone, betamethasone, budesonide, cortisone acetate,desoxymethasone, dexamethasone, fludrocortisone acetate, flunisolide,flucortolone, fluticasone propionate, hydrocortisone,methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone, triamcinolone. Diuretics:acetazolamide, amiloride, bendrofluazide, bumetanide, chlorothiazide,chlorthalidone, ethacrynic acid, frusemide, metolazone, spironolactone,triamterene. Anti-Parkinson agents: bromocriptine mesylate, lysuridemaleate. Gastro-intestinal agents: bisacodyl, cimetidine, cisapride,diphenoxylate HCl, domperidone, famotidine, loperamide, mesalazine,nizatidine, omeprazole, ondansetron HCl, ranitidine HCl, sulphasalazine.Histamine H1-receptor antagonists: acrivastine, astemizole, cinnarizine,cyclizine, cyproheptadine HCl, dimenhydrinate, flunarizine HCl,loratadine, meclozine HCl, oxatomide, terfenadine, triprolidine. Lipidregulating agents: bezafibrate, clofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil,probucol. Local anaesthetics: Neuro-muscular agents:pyridostigmineNitrates and other anti-anginal agents: amyl nitrate,glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate,pentaerythritol tetranitrate. Nutritional agents: betacarotene, vitaminA, vitamin B2, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K. Opioid analgesics:codeine, dextropropyoxyphene, diamorphine, dihydrocodeine, meptazinol,methadone, morphine, nalbuphine, pentazocine, midazolam, fentanyl,codeine, buprenorphine, tramadol, fentany, hydromonorphone, morphine,oxycodone/naloxone, opiate, opium, acetyldihydrocodeine, alfentani,allylprodine, alphamethylfentanyl, alphaprodine, benzylmorphine,betaprodine, bezitriamide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, bremazocine,carfentan (carfentanyl), contin, dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene,dezocine, diacetylmorphine, diamorphine, dihydrocodeine,dihydromorphine, dihydromorphone, diphenoxylate, dipipanone, enadoline,ethylketazocine, ethylmorphine, etonitazene, etorphine, fentanyl,heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphin (hydromorphine), hydromorphone,ketazocine, ketobemidone, lefetamine, levomethadon, levomethadyl,levomethorphan, levor-phanol, loperamide, meperidine, meptazinol,methadone, methadyl, methylmorphine, morphin (morphine), nalbuphine,narcotic, nicocodeine, nicomorphine, normorphine, noscapin,ohmefentanyl, oripavine, oxycodone, oxycontin, oxymorphone, papaveretum,papaverin, pentazocine, percocet, peronine, pethidine, phenazocine,phencyclidine, pholcodine, piritramid (priitramidine), prodine,promedol, propoxyphene, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, thebaine,tilidine, tramadol, ultracet, morphine, codeine, diyhydrocodeine,diacetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydomorphone, levorphanol, oxymorphone,alfentanil, buprenorphine, butorphanol, fentanyl, sufentanyl,meperidine, methadone, nabulfina, propoxyphene, pentazocine and theirpharmaceutically acceptable salt derivatives. Benzodiazepines: diazepam,alprazolam or xanax or xanor or tafil or alprox or frontal, bromazepamor lexotanil or lexotan or lexomil or somalium or bromam,chlordiazepoxide or librium or tropium or risolid or klopoxid,cinolazepam or gerodorm, clonazepam or klonopin or rivotril or iktorivi,cloxazolam or olcadil, clorazepate or tranxene, diazepam or valium orpax or apzepam or stesolid, estazolam or proSom, flunitrazepam orrohypnol or fluscand or flunipam or rona or rohydorm, flurazepam ordalmadorm or dalmane, flutoprazepam or restas, halazepam or paxipam orketazolam or anxon or loprazolam or dormonoct, iorazepam or ativan ortemesta or tavor, lorabenz, lormetazepam or loramet or noctamid orpronoctan, medazepam or nobrium, midazolam or dormicum or versed orhypnovel or dormonid, nimetazepam or erimin, nitrazepam or mogadon oralodorm or pacisyn or dumolid, nordazepam or madar or stilny, oxazepamor seresta or serax or serenid or serepax or sobril, pinazepam or domaror prazepam or lysanxia or centrax or quazepam or doral, temazepam orrestoril or normison or euhypnos or tenox, Tetrazepam or Mylostan orTriazolam or Halcion or Rilamir.

Oral vaccines: Vaccines designed to prevent or reduce the symptoms ofdiseases of which the following is a representative however notexclusive list: Influenza, Tuberculosis, Meningitis, Hepatitis, WhoopingCough, Polio, Tetanus, Diphtheria, Malaria, Cholera, Herpes, Typhoid,HIV, AIDS, Measles, Lyme disease, Travellers' Diarrhea, Hepatitis A, Band C, Otitis Media, Dengue Fever, Rabies, Parainfluenza, Rubella,Yellow Fever, Dysentery, Legionnaires Disease, Toxoplasmosis, Q-Fever,Haemorrhegic Fever, Argentina Haemorrhagic Fever, Caries, ChagasDisease, Urinary Tract Infection caused by E. coli, PneumoccoccalDisease, Mumps, and Chikungunya. Vaccines to prevent or reduce thesymptoms of other disease syndromes of which the following is arepresentative, however not exclusive list of causative organisms:Vibrio species, Salmonella species, Bordetella species, Haemophilusspecies, Toxoplasmosis gondii, Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia species,Streptococcal species, Norwalk Virus, Escherischia coli, Helicobacterpylori, Rotavirus, Neisseria gonorrhae, Neisseria meningiditis,Adenovirus, Epstein Barr Virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus,Pneumocystis carini, Herpes simplex, Clostridia species, RespiratorySyncytial Virus, Klebsiella species, Shigella species, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Parvovirus, Campylobacter species, Rickettsia species,Varicella zoster, Yersinia species, Ross River Virus, J. C. Virus,Rhodococcus equi, Moraxella catarrhalis, Borrelia burgdorferi andPasteurella haemolytica. Further specific examples include opioids suchas fentanyl or midazolam. Vaccines directed to non-infectionsimmuno-modulated disease conditions: such as topical and systematicallergic conditions such as Hayfever, Asthma, Rheumatoid Arthritis andCarcinomas. Vaccines for veterinary use: including those directed toCoccidiosis, Newcastle Disease, Enzootic pneumonia, Feline leukaemia,Atrophic rhinitis, Erysipelas, Foot and Mouth disease, Swine, pneumonia,and other disease conditions and other infections and auto-immunedisease conditions affecting companion and farm animals.

Proteins, peptides and recombinant drugs: insulin(hexameric/dimeric/monomeric forms), glucagon, growth hormone(somatotropin), polypeptides or their derivatives, (preferably with amolecular weight from 1000 to 300,000), calcitonins and syntheticmodifications thereof, enkephalins, interferons (especially Alpha-2interferon for treatment of common colds), LHRH and analogues(nafarelin, buserelin, zolidex), GHRH (growth hormone releasinghormone), secretin, bradykin antagonists, GRF (growth releasing factor),THF, TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone), ACTH analogues, IGF (insulinlike growth factors), CGRP (calcitonin gene related peptide), atrialnatriurectic peptide, vasopressin and analogues (DDAVP, lypressin),factor VIII, G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor), EPO(erythropoitin). Sex hormones: clomiphene citrate, danazol,ethinyloestradiol, medroxyprogesterone acetate, mestranol,methyltestosterone, norethisterone, norgestrel, oestradiol, conjugatedoestrogens, progesterone, stanozolol, stiboestrol, testosterone,tibolone. Spermicides: nonoxynol. Stimulants: amphetamine,dexamphetamine, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, mazindol, pemoline.

Notwithstanding the general applicability of the method of theinvention, more specific examples ofbioactive substances include, butare not limited to: haloperidol (dopamine antagonist), DL isoproterenolhydrochloride (.beta.-adrenergic agonist), terfenadine (H1-antagonist),propranolol hydrochloride (.beta.-adrenergic antagonist), desipraminehydrochloride (antidepressant), sildenafil citrate, tadalafil andvardenafil. Minor analgesics (cyclooxygenase inhibitors), fenamic acids,piroxicam, Cox-2 inhibitors, naproxen, and others, may all benefit frombeing formulated into an oral dosage form of the present invention.

Further examples ofbioactive substances include, but are not limited to:alfaxalone, acetyl digoxin, acyclovir analogs, alprostadil, aminofostin,anipamil, antithrombin III, atenolol, azidothymidine, beclobrate,beclomethasone, belomycin, benzocaine and derivatives, beta carotene,beta endorphin, beta interferon, bezafibrate, binovum, biperiden,bromazepam, bromocryptine, bucindolol, buflomedil, bupivacaine,busulfan, cadralazine, camptothesin, canthaxanthin, captopril,carbamazepine, carboprost, cefalexin, cefalotin, cefamandole,cefazedone, cefluoroxime, cefinenoxime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime,cefoxitin, cefsulodin, ceftizoxime, chlorambucil, chromoglycinic acid,ciclonicate, ciglitazone, clonidine, cortexolone, corticosterone,cortisol, cortisone, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A and othercyclosporins, cytarabine, desocryptin, desogestrel, dexamethasone esterssuch as the acetate, dezocine, diazepam, diclofenac, dideoxyadenosine,dideoxyinosine, digitoxin, digoxin, dihydroergotamine, dihydroergotoxin,diltiazem, dopamine antagonists, doxorubicin, econazole, endralazine,enkephalin, enalapril, epoprostenol, estradiol, estramustine,etofibrate, etoposide, factor ix, factor viii, felbamate, fenbendazole,fenofibrate, fexofenedine, flunarizin, flurbiprofen, 5-fluorouracil,flurazepam, fosfomycin, fosmidomycin, furosemide, gallopamil, gammainterferon, gentamicin, gepefrine, gliclazide, glipizide, griseofulvin,haptoglobulin, hepatitis B vaccine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide,hydrocortisone, ibuprofen, ibuproxam, indinavir, indomethacin, iodinatedaromatic x-ray contrast agents such as iodamide, ipratropium bromide,ketoconazole, ketoprofen, ketotifen, ketotifen fumarate, K-strophanthin,labetalol, lactobacillus vaccine, lidocaine, lidoflazin, lisuride,lisuride hydrogen maleate, lorazepam, lovastatin, mefenamic acid,melphalan, memantin, mesulergin, metergoline, methotrexate, methyldigoxin, methylprednisolone, metronidazole, metisoprenol, metipranolol,metkephamide, metolazone, metoprolol, metoprolol tartrate, miconazole,miconazole nitrate, minoxidil, misonidazol, molsidomin, nadolol,nafiverine, nafazatrom, naproxen, natural insulins, nesapidil,nicardipine, nicorandil, nifedipine, niludipin, nimodipine, nitrazepam,nitrendipine, nitrocamptothesin, 9-nitrocamptothesin, olanzapine,ORG34517, oxazepam, oxprenolol, oxytetracycline, penicillins such aspenicillin G benethamine, penecillin O, phenylbutazone, picotamide,pindolol, piposulfan, piretanide, piribedil, piroxicam, pirprofen,plasminogenici activator, prednisolone, prednisone, pregnenolone,procarbacin, procaterol, progesterone, proinsulin, propafenone,propanolol, propentofyllin, propofol, propranolol, raloxifene,rifapentin, simvastatin, semi-synthetic insulins, sobrerol, somastotineand its derivatives, somatropin, stilamine, sulfinalol hydrochloride,sulfinpyrazone, suloctidil, suprofen, sulproston, synthetic insulins,talinolol, taxol, taxotere, testosterone, testosterone propionate,testosterone undecanoate, tetracane HI, tiaramide HCl, tolmetin,tranilast, triquilar, tromantadine HCl, urokinase, valium, verapamil,vidarabine, vidarabine phosphate sodium salt, vinblastine, vinburin,vincamine, vincristine, vindesine, vinpocetine, vitamin A, vitamin Esuccinate, and X-ray contrast agents.

In addition, it is also expected that new chemical entities (NCE) andother actives for which the solid dosage forms of the present inventionare suitable for delivery of will be created or become commerciallyavailable in the future and can be used as the bioactive substance.

The biological active material may be an active material that binds toone or more adrenergic receptors. Preferably, the active material thatbinds to one or more adrenergic receptors is adrenaline (epinephrine),or an adrenaline salt, such as adrenaline bitartrate or adrenalinehydrochloride. Alternatively, the active material that binds to one ormore adrenergic receptors may be provided in the form of analogues andcompounds related to adrenaline, such as norepinephrine, isoprenaline;or symphatomimetic agents such as tyramine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,the amphetamines, salbutamol, and terbutaline.

The bioactive substance may be an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptorantagonist. Preferably, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ischosen from the list comprising: dextromethorphan, dextrorphan orketamine.

The bioactive substance may be a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. Preferably, the cyclicguanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitoris sildenafil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Preferably,the sildenafil salt is sildenafil citrate.

Examples of medicaments used for weight loss and treatment of obesityinclude, but are not limited to, lipase inhibitors (e.g., orlistat),appetite suppressants (e.g., sibutramine, rimonabant, phendimetrazine,diethylpropion, phentermine, bupropio, topiramate, zonisamide), agentsthat delay gastric emptying (e.g., hormones and their analogs such asexenatide and pramlintide), and metformin. Examples of medicaments usedfor the treatment of diabetes include, but are not limited to, insulin,sulfonylurea secretagogues (e.g., tolbutamide, acetohexamide,tolazamide, chlorporpamide, glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride,gliclazide), meglitinide secretagogues (e.g., repaglinide, nateglinide),biguanide insulin sensitizers (e.g., metformin), thiazolidinediones(e.g., rosiglitazone, pioglitazone), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g.,miglitol, acarbose), glucagon-like peptide analogs and agonists (e.g.,exenatide, liraglutide, taspoglutide), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors(e.g., vildagliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin), and amylin analogues(e.g., pramlintide). Examples of medicaments used for the treatment ofdyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia include, but are not limited to,statins (e.g., atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin,pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin), cholesterol absorptioninhibitors (e.g., ezetimibe), bile acid sequestrants (e.g.,cholestyramine, colestipol), fibrates (e.g., fenofibrate, gemifibrozil),and niacin.

In general, medicaments used to treat obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia,and hypercholesterolemia as described above are also of use in treatingaspects of metabolic syndrome. Additional aspects of metabolic syndrome,e.g., hypertension, can be treated with anti-hypertensive medicaments.Examples of medicaments for use in treating hypertension include, butare not limited to, diuretics (e.g., chlorthalidone,hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, spironolactone, bumetanide), betablockers (e.g., acebutanol, metoprolol, propranolol, carteolol,timolol), ACE inhibitors (e.g., benazepril, captopril, enalapril,moexipril), angiotensin II receptor blockers (e.g., candesartan,eprosartan, irbesarten, losartin), calcium channel blockers (e.g.,amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil), alpha blockers (e.g.,doxazoin, prazosin, terazosin), combined alpha and beta-blockers (e.g.,carvedilol, labetolol), central agonists (e.g., alpha methyldopa,clonidine, guanabenz acetate), peripheral adrenergic inhibitors (e.g.,resiprine, guanadrel), and vasodilators (e.g., hydralazine, minoxidil).

Power Source

The ingestible drug delivery device including the one or more bioactivesubstance module and/or deactivation modules configured to be deliver toone or more tissues of a subject to treat the vertebrate subject, and aprogrammable microprocessor configured to provide instructions to theone or more bioactive substance module and/or deactivation modules inresponse to information regarding one or more physiological conditionsof the subject, can include at least one power source configured topower the components of the device. The device can further include oneor more sensors and/or one or more neurostimulators.

The power source can be one or more of a wireless power source. Awireless power source includes stored power, a battery, or a fuel cell.For an implantable device, the power source can be external, internal,or a combination thereof. The implanted device can be coupled to anexternal power source through a radio-frequency link. Alternatively, theimplanted device can include a self-contained power source made usingany means of generation or storage of energy, e.g., a primary battery, areplenishable or rechargeable battery, a thin film battery, a capacitor,or a supercapacitor. A replenishable or rechargeable self-containedpower source can be replenished or recharged using a radio-frequencylink, an optical link, or other energy-coupling link. See, e.g., U.S.Patent Application No. 2005/0143787, by B. Boveja, which is incorporatedherein by reference. In an aspect, the power source for an implantabledevice is supplied from an external power source via a transcutaneousinductive coupling. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application 2010/0076524,which is incorporated herein by reference.

The power source can include electrical energy generated by mechanicalenergy of a subject's movement. For example, the power source can be alinear motion electric power generator that uses a rare earth magnet anda coil positioned to move linearly back and forth relative to oneanother. The movement of the coil in the field of the magnet generates acurrent in the coil. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,186, which isincorporated herein by reference. In this instance, power can begenerated as the device moves, e.g., bounces up and down while joggingor while doing other physical activity, as exemplified by the nPower®PEG (Personal Energy Generator, from Tremont Electric, Tremont, Ohio).In an aspect, the power source can be one or more solar panel attachedto one or more component of the device such as, for example, a portablerefrigeration unit in a backpack with affixed solar panels. See, e.g.,U.S. Patent Application 2009/0015022 which is incorporated herein byreference.

In an aspect, the power source can include a rubber film configured toharness energy associated with natural body movements. For example, thepower source can include a material made of a ceramic piezoelectricmaterial, e.g., fabricated lead zirconate titanate that is embedded insilicone rubber sheets. The rubber film can harness natural bodymovements such as walking and breathing as electricity when flexed,converting approximately 80% of mechanical energy into electricalenergy. See, e.g., Qi, et al., Nano Lett., 10: 524-528, 2010, which isincorporated herein by reference.

The power source can include one or more of a battery or microbattery, afuel cell or biofuel cell, or a nuclear battery. One or more powersources of the same or different types can be included in the device,without limitation. Batteries for a small implantable device can includea microbattery, e.g., as available from Quallion LLC, Sylmar, Calif.(http://www.quallion.com), or one designed as a film (U.S. Pat. Nos.5,338,625 and 5,705,293), each of which is incorporated herein byreference. Alternatively, the power source could be one or more fuelcell, for example, a biofuel cell, such as an enzymatic, microbial, orphotosynthetic fuel cell (US2003/0152823A1; WO03/106966A2; or Chen T etal.,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123: 8630-8631, each of which isincorporated herein by reference). The fuel cell can be of any size,including the micro- or nano-scale. In an aspect, the power source caninclude laterally packaged piezoelectric fine wires that convertbiomechanical energy (e.g., stretching muscles, beating heart, walking)into electrical energy using a nanogenerator. See, e.g., Yang et al.,Nature Nanotechnol., 4: 34-39, 2009; Yang et al., Nano Lett., 9:1201-1205, 2009, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Inanother aspect, the power source can include a pressure-rectifyingmechanism that utilizes pulsatile changes in blood pressure or anacceleration-rectifying mechanism as used in self-winding watches, orother types of flow-rectifying mechanism capable ofderiving energy fromother flow parameters. In an embodiment, the power source can be anuclear battery. See, e.g., Wacharasindhut et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.2009, 95: 014103, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In an aspect, the power source can be a power receiver capable ofreceiving power from an acoustic source or electromagnetic source (e.g.,infrared energy, or inductively coupled, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,170,485, and 7,212,110; U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0228259; andBudgett et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 2007, 102: 1658-1663, each of which isincorporated herein by reference). The power source can include powergenerated from thermoelectric heating based on the differential betweenbody temperature of a subject and the ambient temperature. See, e.g.,U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,199; U.S. Patent Application 2009/0056328, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. In an aspect, the device caninclude a power transmitter capable of transmitting power (e.g.,acoustic power, electrical power, or optical power) from the device to asecondary location. The secondary location can be, for example, one ormore bioactive substance module and/or deactivation modules, one or moresensors, another device, or combinations thereof.

Bioactive Substance Module

The release of the bioactive substance can be through a variety ofmeans; osmotic plug piston, polymer cracking or trigger initiatedsolubilization on the capsule itself or other capsule voids, releasefrom ion-bound linkage from polymer side chains to release the API.Another embodiment of the present invention, one which could bepharmacist controlled is by controlling the release of the activeingredient: release/pump it in the dissolving part of the pill,neutralize/block the active part. The Smart Pill can also be obtainedby: sealing the passage to the dissolving part, neutralizing the activepart by “cement” it in an inert material and chemically or physically(temperature/light, etc.) neutralize the active ingredient. Anotherembodiment of the present invention in a pump form which could becontrolled for emergencies could also be described like two electrodesin water. The water compartment has a flexible wall. If you start makingthe water electrolyze you will obtain gases, which will increase thevolume and press outward the flexible wall (or a piston). Thus no motoris required in this embodiment.

Deactivation Module

The ingestible drug delivery device of the invention may comprise adeactivation module. In exemplary embodiments, the deactivation modulemay comprise one or more deactivation agents which may be, for example,a chemical, and enzyme, and/or a pharmaceutical which can serve todeactivate the bioactive substance. In exemplary embodiments thedeactivation module may release its contents into the bioactivesubstance module to deactivate the at least one bioactive substance. Inalternative embodiments, the deactivation module may release its contentdirectly into the patient. In certain embodiments the deactivationmodule may release a substance, such as a pharmaceutical, which isantagonistic to the bioactive substance. In exemplary embodiments, thedeactivation module may comprise, for example, an enzyme, a chemical,and/or a pharmaceutical which can serve to deactivate and/or degrade thebioactive substance to prevent the pollution of the environment byinactivating the bioactive substance before excretion to preventcontamination of waste and wastewater effluents before they reach theenvironment.

Electronics Module

The electronics module may comprise a processor, a transponder and amemory, said memory comprising data selected from the group consistingof:

-   -   (a) data related to a person who is permitted to ingest said        ingestible drug medical device;    -   (b) data related to said bioactive substance;    -   (c) data related to a healthcare provider that enabled said        electronics module;    -   (d) data related to said sensor;    -   (e) data related to the provenance of said ingested drug medical        device;    -   (f) combinations thereof,

Tracking and Delivery Confirmation of Pharmaceutical Products

A system and method are disclosed that track an ingestible drug deliverydeliverable to a user. The system includes an identifier or tag securedto the deliverable, a computer system for interrogating the identifier,and a personal device in communication with the computer system, whereinthe personal device is held by the user at the time the user isadministered the deliverable to detect the unique identity associatedwith the identifier device and confirms delivery of the deliverable tothe user. The method includes attaching an identifiable tag thatproduces a unique signature to the deliverable, interrogating the tag atabout the time of delivery to the user, and confirming that the user hasbeen administered the deliverable through detecting the identifiabletag. The system provides that the ingestible drug delivery device of theinvention can communicate with each other and/or with a personal deviceand/or a computer sustem.

A system and method are disclosed that track a packaged product to auser. The system includes an identifier or tag secured to thedeliverable, a computer system or APP for interrogating the identifier,and a personal device in communication with the computer system, whereinthe personal device is held by the user at the time the user isadministered the deliverable to detect the unique identity associatedwith the identifier device and confirms delivery of the deliverable,e.g., the ingestible drug delivery device of the invention, to the user.The method includes attaching an identifiable tag that produces a uniquesignature to the deliverable, interrogating the tag at about the time ofdelivery to the user, and confirming that the user has been administeredthe deliverable through detecting the identifiable tag.

Retail Tracking System

Another example of the Invention would be a retail tracking system,which incorporates a digital tag, which may be an attachable device forretail packaging configured for wireless communication with other retailpackages with, for example, the devices of the invention. In exemplaryembodiments, the smart pill system incorporates this technology. In anexemplary embodiment, the manufacturer of the goods applies the tag aspart of or attached to the retail package. The package recognizes andcommunicates with other packages that are then placed into a shippingbox. The box receives a corresponding tag label that tells the in othercontents where they will be shipped and by what shipper. This preventsthe theft or interception of the contents and maintains a digitalsignature of the manufacturer, the shipper and the retail establishmentthat was programmed to receive the goods. If found in the hands ofsomeone who was not the targeted recipient, it can be evidence of thetheft.

In an exemplary embodiment, when the box is scanned by the shipper theshipper knows the necessary information for shipping too. Each packageknows its size, weight, dimensions, etc., and by communicating with theother packages in the box can also communicate its total contents. Thefirst package that enters the box acts as the master and then retainsall information from each subsequent entry to the box as they reach outand communicate with each other.

The box is delivered to the recipient, e.g., a retail establishment. Thecorresponding APP on the users system (smart phone, tablet, PC, etc.)receives it's communication from the packages that they have arrived.The user then places the desired quantity onto the retail shelves. Thepackages recognize the quantity placed on the shelf and that they aretogether. The packages then acknowledge and are aware when each packageleaves the shelf as they provide a good bye hand shake to the otherpackages. All of this communication can be registered and monitored bythe User. The last package to leave the shelf communicates with the Userthat everyone (all the packages) have left the shelf and more are neededfrom the supply room. The last package will know if the full quantitythat was shipped in its box have been depleted or if additional packagesare still there ready to be placed on the shelf. When scanned by thecashier the system automatically notifies the APP that the package hasleft the building and if it is the last one, it also notifies the Userthat reorders are necessary. It can ask the User if it wants a reorderplaced and this can automatically be sent to the manufacturer toexpedite the reorder and shipping and replenishment sequence. The systemcan also be set to varied needs ie: if quantity of packages is down to 6units . . . re-order. The system is seamless and minimal cost to theretail establishment as it only requires the APP, everything else isprovided by the participants of the system. i.e.: the manufacturer ofthe goods, the shipper, etc.

The Invention makes the package to package communication the key to theentire retail chain of events. It provides a very low cost digital tagwhich is a part of the retail package when shipped by the manufacturer.It provides continuous communication throughout the packages life cycleand provides a digital signature for every aspect from manufacturer, toshipper, to retailer. It is seamless and can advise the retailer of itslife expectance i.e., near expiration date. It can also be tied into ahome user APP that provides the consumer with helpful informationincluding but not limited to: recipes, product uses, interactionconcerns i.e., never use bleach with ammonia, etc.

In an exemplary embodiment, The digital tag may be attached to thepackaging of the ingestible drug delivery devices of the invention. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the digital tag may be attached to theshipping boxes containing the ingestible drug delivery devices of theinvention. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the digital tag may beincorporated into the ingestible drug delivery device itself.

Packaging/Treatment Kits

The present invention relates to a kit for conveniently and effectivelycarrying out the methods in accordance with the present invention. Suchkits may be suited for the delivery of solid oral forms such as tabletsor capsules. Such a kit may include a number of unit dosages. Such kitscan include a means for containing the dosages oriented in the order oftheir intended use. An example of a means for containing the dosages inthe order of their intended uses is a card. An example of such a kit isa “blister pack”. Blister packs are well known in the packaging industryand are widely used for packaging pharmaceutical unit dosage forms. Ifdesired, the blister can be in the form of a childproof blister, i.e., ablister that is difficult for a child to open, yet can be readily openedby an adult. If desired, a memory aid can be provided, for example inthe form of numbers, letters, or other markings or with a calendarfeature and/or calendar insert, designating the days and the sections ofa day in the treatment schedule in which the dosages can beadministered, such as an AM dose is packaged with a “mid day” and a PMdose; or an AM dose is packaged with a PM dose. Alternatively, placebodosages, or vitamin or dietary supplements, either in a form similar toor distinct from the pharmaceutical active dosages, can be included.

In one aspect, the package, kit or container comprises a “blisterpackage” (also called a blister pack, or bubble pack). In one aspect,the blister package consists of two or more separate compartments: AMdosage of this invention, and PM dosage of this invention, or mid-daydosage of this invention. This blister package is made up of twoseparate material elements: a transparent plastic cavity shaped to theproduct and its blister board backing. These two elements are thenjoined together with a heat sealing process which allows the product tobe hung or displayed. Exemplary types of “blister packages” include:Face seal blister packages, gang run blister packages, mock blisterpackages, interactive blister packages, slide blister packages.

Blister packs, clamshells or trays are forms of packaging used forgoods; thus, the invention provides for blister packs, clamshells ortrays comprising a composition (e.g., a (the multi-ingredientcombination of drugs of the invention) combination of activeingredients) of the invention. Blister packs, clamshells or trays can bedesigned to be non-reclosable, so consumers can tell if a package hasalready opened. They are used to package for sale goods where producttampering is a consideration, such as the pharmaceuticals of theinvention. In one aspect, a blister pack of the invention comprises amoulded PVC base, with raised areas (the “blisters”) to contain thetablets, pills, etc. comprising the combinations of the invention,covered by a foil laminate. Tablets, pills, etc. are removed from thepack either by peeling the foil back or by pushing the blister to forcethe tablet to break the foil. In one aspect, a specialized form of ablister pack is a strip pack.

In one aspect, a blister pack also comprises a method of packaging wherethe compositions comprising combinations of ingredients of the inventionare contained in-between a card and a clear PVC. The PVC can betransparent so the item (pill, tablet, geltab, etc.) can be seen andexamined easily; and in one aspect, can be vacuum-formed around a mouldso it can contain the item snugly and have room to be opened uponpurchase. In one aspect, the card is brightly colored and designeddepending on the item (pill, tablet, geltab, etc.) inside, and the PVCis affixed to the card using pre-formed tabs where the adhesive isplaced. The adhesive can be strong enough so that the pack may hang on apeg, but weak enough so that this way one can tear open the join andaccess the item. Sometimes with large items or multiple enclosed pills,tablets, geltabs, etc., the card has a perforated window for access. Inone aspect, more secure blister packs, e.g., for items such as pills,tablets, geltabs, etc. of the invention are used, and they can compriseof two vacuum-formed PVC sheets meshed together at the edges, with theinformative card inside.

In one aspect, blister packaging comprises at least two components(e.g., is a multi-ingredient combination of drugs of the invention): athermoformed “blister” which houses the product (e.g., a pharmaceuticalcombination of the invention), and then a “blister card” that is aprinted card with an adhesive coating on the front surface. During theassembly process, the blister component, which is most commonly made outof PVC, is attached to the blister card using a blister machine. Thismachine introduces heat to the flange area of the blister whichactivates the glue on the card in that specific area and ultimatelysecures the PVG blister to the printed blister card. The thermoformedPVG blister and the printed blister card can be as small or large.Conventional blister packs can also be sealed (e.g., using an AERGO 8DUO®, SCA Consumer Packaging, Inc., DeKalb, Ill.) using regular heatseal tooling. This alternative aspect, using heat seal tooling, can sealcommon types of thermoformed packaging.

As discussed herein, the products of manufacture of the invention cancomprise the packaging of the ingestible drug delivery devices of theinvention, alone or in combination, as “blister packages” or as aplurality of packettes, including as lidded blister packages, liddedblister or blister card or packets, or a shrink wrap.

Other means for containing said ingestible drug delivery devices caninclude bottles and vials, wherein the bottle or vial comprises a memoryaid, such as a printed label for administering said unit dosage ordosages. The label can also contain removable reminder stickers forplacement on a calendar or dayminder to further help the patient toremember when to take a dosage or when a dosage has been taken.

Another drug delivery system comprises one or more ball semiconductoraggregations and facilitating release of a drug stored in a reservoir.The first aggregate is used for sensing and memory, and a secondaggregation for control aspects, such as for pumping and dispensing ofthe drug. The system may communicate with a remote control system, oroperate independently on local power over a long period for delivery ofthe drug based upon a request of the patient, timed-release undercontrol by the system, or delivery in accordance with measured markers.See U.S. Pat. No. 6,464,687, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

EXAMPLES

The invention will be illustrated in more detail with reference to thefollowing Examples, but it should be understood that the presentinvention is not deemed to be limited thereto.

Example 1: Typical Route from Manufacturer to Drug Release

The purpose is to illustrate how the above described system combine tohave a secure, traceable and [as much as possible] safe delivery of thedrug, for example a single pill dosage. The two pill dosages can beimplemented and also “avoid” mixing drug schemes are envisaged.

The manufacturer doses the drug in the pill and activates it. Thisactivity comprises several steps:

-   -   reads the pill ID and associate all the drug information to it        in the database    -   enables the pill by issuing the enable security flag command        enable F1 (P1,R1), which will change the status of the first        security layer (flag). The pill will at first verify that the F0        is correct and only after apply the change as mandated by the        multilevel security system policy.

The pills are sent to pharmacies. The database will register thepharmacies that received the pill.

The pharmacist prepares the prescription:

-   -   it uses a special terminal with unique TERM ID over the secure        communication network    -   reads the pill PID    -   obtains from the server a challenging-response (P1, R1)    -   issues a get F13-F15 (P1,R1) command to verify any tampering        attempt.    -   the pill verifies first the F0 and then F1 to see if the pill        was activated by the manufacturer as mandated by the multilevel        security system policy; if correct it continues, otherwise it        stops issuing an error message; if the F1 layer is enabled it        computes the result R of M1 using S1 and P. If R is the same of        R1, it considers the command legitimate, and returns F13-F15 if        it didn't arrive to the maximum allowed number, otherwise issue        a pill disabled due to tampering message which is sent to the        manufacturer. In this case the pill becomes unusable.    -   after receiving the F13-F15 response the terminal obtains        another challenging-response (P2, R2)    -   issues a enable F2 (P2,R2) command    -   the pill verifies first the F1 to see if the pill was activated        by the manufacturer; if correct it continues, otherwise it stops        issuing an error message; if the F1 layer is enabled it computes        the result R of M1 using S1 and P2. If R is the same of R2, it        considers the command legitimate, changes the status of F2 and        issues an acknowledge message. The result is stored on the        database.

Similar the terminal might issue an enable F3 command if a timer isenvisaged. The logic follows the one described above. (see “Patientterminal” section).

If a user terminal is envisaged, the pharmacist will communicate theuser's TERM ID to the manufacturer to be associated with the pill ID.

The user terminal will similarly exchange information with the pill andmanufacturer and enable F3B security layer (first verifying theactivation of F1, F2, F3 and the anti tampering counter F13-F15).

The pill gets ingested.

The sensors in the pill confirm that it was ingested (in the simplestcase by temperature, liquid sensor and time). At this point it willinitiate an over dose verification. If the result is ok will enable F12.

The drug release watch dog will verify the F0-F15 status and if itmatches the expected result will enable the drug release command, andchange the F0 to 0 (pill terminated).

While the invention has been described in detail and with reference tospecific examples thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the artthat various changes and modifications can be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for preventing accidental or intentionaloverdosing of at least one bioactive substance by a patient, said methodcomprising: (a) forming an ingestible drug delivery device by a devicemanufacturer, said ingestible drug delivery device comprising a capsulebody comprising: a sensor for sensing at least one biologic conditionwithin a patient; a bioactive substance module comprising a containerfor holding a volume and/or quantity of bioactive substance therein anda microactuator for dispensing said bioactive substance from saidcontainer to a location outside of said capsule body; an electronicsmodule, coupled to said sensor and said bioactive substance module, saidelectronics module comprising a processor, a transponder and a memory,said memory configured for storing data related to said bioactivesubstance and data received in signals from said sensor; a power sourcecoupled to said sensor, said bioactive substance module and saidelectronics module; (b) establishing a unique device ID in said memoryby the manufacturer and setting a first flag in said memory by themanufacturer; (c) conveying said ingestible drug delivery device to apharmacist, the pharmacist communicating with said ingestible drugdelivery device using a programming terminal to store data related tothe pharmacist and said patient ID authorized to ingest said ingestibledrug delivery device in said memory and to set a second flag in saidmemory; (d) ingesting said ingestible drug delivery device by thepatient, the patient having a patient interface device that communicateswith said ingestible drug delivery device to provide a patient ID tosaid ingestible drug delivery device, said transponder transmitting awireless signal comprising a unique device ID of said ingestible drugdelivery device upon ingestion; (e) analyzing, by said processor, todetermine: (i) that said first flag is set (ii) that said second flag isset and (iii) that said patient ID provided by said patient interfacedevice matches said patient ID provided by the pharmacist; and (f)disabling the dispensing of said at least one bioactive substance ifeither one of said first or second flags is not set or if no match isdetermined by said processor between said patient ID provided by saidpatient interface device and said patient ID provided by the pharmacist,and enabling the dispensing of said at least one bioactive substanceonly if said first and second flags are set and said patient ID providedby said patient interface device matches said patient ID provided by thepharmacist and moving to step (g); (g) listening, by said processor, fora wireless signal comprising a device ID, different from said ingestibledrug delivery device's unique device ID, and if no said wireless signalcomprising a device ID different from said ingestible drug deliverydevice's unique ID is received within a predetermined period, saidprocessor declaring itself a master drug delivery device by transmittinga master drug delivery device identification signal and moving to step(h) which halts any dispense process of any other ingested drug deliverydevice that satisfied steps (e)(i)-(iii), and if said wireless signalcomprising a device ID different from said ingestible drug deliverydevice's unique ID is received within said predetermined period, saidprocessor wirelessly halts its dispense process and continues to listenfor said wireless signal comprising a device ID, different from saidingestible drug delivery device's unique device ID; and (h) dispensingsaid bioactive substance.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprisingthe step of said processor of said master drug delivery devicedetermining whether the large intestine has been entered or whether apredetermined period of time has elapsed since ingestion.
 3. The methodof claim 1 further comprising the step of said processor of said masterdrug delivery device storing the identification and receipt time of anywireless signal comprising said device ID, different from saidingestible drug delivery device's unique ID, received by said processor.4. The method of claim 3 further comprising the step of said processorof said master drug delivery device organizing the identifications of aplurality of ingested drug delivery devices based upon said respectivereceipt times of respective wireless signals.
 5. The method of claim 4further comprising the step of said processor of said master drugdelivery device communicating with the ingested drug delivery devicewhose receipt time was closest to the ingestion of said master drugdelivery device.
 6. The method of claim 4 further comprising the step ofsaid processor of said master drug delivery device reaching either thelarge intestine or whether said eight hours has elapsed, whicheveroccurs first, and conferring to said ingested drug delivery device,whose receipt time was closest to the ingestion of said master drugdelivery device, a title of new master drug delivery device along withsaid drug delivery device data, said original master drug deliverydevice shutting down permanently.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein saiddata related to the pharmacist comprises a digital signature of thepharmacist.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said volume of bioactivesubstance comprises an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) andfurther comprising step of deactivating said API if said ingestible drugdelivery device is tampered with.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein saidsensor is capable of detecting the concentration of bioactive substancein the patient, and can prevent release of additional bioactivesubstance when contraindicated.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein saidsensor is capable of detecting pregnancy, and prevents release ofbioactive substance when the patient is determined to be pregnant. 11.The method of claim 1 wherein said sensor is selected from the groupconsisting of electronic, biological, chemical, digital sensors, andcombinations thereof.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein said sensor isselected from the group consisting of a pH sensor, a temperature sensor,a glucose sensor, a pregnancy sensor, a drug sensor, a phenylalaninesensor, and combinations thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein saidsensor comprises a drug sensor for analytes selected from the groupconsisting of alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine (including crackcocaine), cannabis, amphetamines (including crystal methamphetamine),opiates and opiate analogues (including heroine, oxycodone, hydrocodone,hydromorphone, methadone), dextromethorphan, benzodiazepines, ecstasy(MDMA), GHB, barbiturates, khat, kratom, PCP, LSD, ketamine, peyote,mescaline, psilocybin, rohypnol, Salvia divinorum, antidepressants,anti-anxiety medications, sleep aids, allergy medications, andcombinations thereof, and prevents release of additional bioactivesubstance when contraindicated.
 14. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising the step of preventing the dispensing of said bioactivesubstance if said processor determines that the patient that ingested acompound selected from the group consisting of alcohol, nicotine,caffeine, cocaine (including crack cocaine), cannabis, amphetamines(including crystal methamphetamine), opiates and opiate analogues(including heroine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone),dextromethorphan, benzodiazepines, ecstasy (MDMA), GHB, barbiturates,khat, kratom, PCP, LSD, ketamine, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin,rohypnol, Salvia divinorum, antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications,sleep aids, allergy medications, and combinations thereof wherein saidsensor is capable of detecting the concentration of bioactive substancein the patient, and prevents release of additional bioactive substancewhen contraindicated.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the ingestibledrug delivery device further comprises a deactivation module comprisinga container for holding a volume and/or quantity of a deactivator and amicroactuator for dispensing said deactivator to said bioactivesubstance module, wherein the deactivator module is coupled to saidbioactive substance module, and wherein the electronics module iscoupled to said deactivator module.